Fatty acid fumarate derivatives and their uses

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to Fatty Acid Fumarate Derivatives; compositions comprising an effective amount of a Fatty Acid Fumarate Derivative; and methods for treating or preventing cancer, a metabolic disorder or neurodegenerative disorder comprising the administration of an effective amount of a Fatty Acid Fumarate Derivative.

PRIORITY CLAIM

This application is a continuation application of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 12/986,713 filed Jan. 7, 2011, which claimspriority to U.S. Provisional Application 61/293,396 filed Jan. 8, 2010,and U.S. Provisional Application 61/294,578, filed Jan. 13, 2010, theentire disclosures of which are relied upon and incorporated into thisapplication by reference for all purposes.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to Fatty Acid Fumarate Derivatives; compositionscomprising an effective amount of a Fatty Acid Fumarate Derivative; andmethods for treating or preventing cancer, and metabolic, autoimmune orneurodegenerative disorders, comprising the administration of aneffective amount of a Fatty Acid Fumarate Derivative. All patents,patent applications, and publications cited herein are herebyincorporated by reference in their entireties.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Oily cold water fish, such as salmon, trout, herring, and tuna are thesource of dietary marine omega-3 fatty acids, with eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) being the key marine derivedomega-3 fatty acids. Omega-3 fatty acids have previously been shown toimprove insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance in normoglycemic menand in obese individuals. Omega-3 fatty acids have also been shown toimprove insulin resistance in obese and non-obese patients with aninflammatory phenotype. Lipid, glucose, and insulin metabolism have beenshown to improve in overweight hypertensive subjects through treatmentwith omega-3 fatty acids. Omega-3 fatty acids (EPA/DHA) have also beenshown to decrease triglycerides and to reduce the risk for sudden deathcaused by cardiac arrhythmias in addition to improve mortality inpatients at risk of a cardiovascular event. Omega-3 fatty acids havealso been taken as dietary supplements part of therapy used to treatdyslipidemia, and anti-inflammatory properties. A higher intake ofomega-3 fatty acids lower levels of circulating TNF-α and IL-6, two ofthe cytokines that are markedly increased during inflammation processes(Chapkin et al, Prostaglandins, Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2009, 81, p.187-191; Duda et al, Cardiovasc Res 2009, 84, p. 33-41). In addition, ahigher intake of omega-3 fatty acids has been shown to increase levelsof the well-characterized anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 (Bradley etal, Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008, 16, p. 938-944). A recent study (Wanget al, Molecular Pharmaceutics 2010, 7, p. 2185-2193) has demonstratedthat DHA could also induce the Nrf2 and the Nrf2-target geneHeme-oxygenase 1 (HO-1) and this pathway could play a significant rolein suppressing LPS-mediated inflammation.

Both DHA and EPA are characterized as long chain fatty acids (aliphaticportion between 12-22 carbons). Medium chain fatty acids arecharacterized as those having the aliphatic portion between 6-12carbons. Lipoic acid is a medium chain fatty acid found naturally in thebody. It plays many important roles such as free radical scavenger,chelator to heavy metals and signal transduction mediator in variousinflammatory and metabolic pathways, including the NF-κB pathway (Shay,K. P. et al. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2009, 1790, 1149-1160). Lipoic acidhas been found to be useful in the treatment of a number of chronicdiseases that are associated with oxidative stress (for a review seeSmith, A. R. et al Curr. Med. Chem. 2004, 11, p. 1135-46). Lipoic acidhas now been evaluated in the clinic for the treatment of diabetes(Morcos, M. et al Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 2001, 52, p. 175-183) anddiabetic neuropathy (Mijnhout, G. S. et al Neth. J. Med. 2010, 110, p.158-162). Lipoic acid has also been found to be potentially useful intreating cardiovascular diseases (Ghibu, S. et al, J. Cardiovasc.Pharmacol. 2009, 54, p. 391-8), Alzheimer's disease (Maczurek, A. et al,Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2008, 60, p. 1463-70) and multiple sclerosis(Yadav, V. Multiple Sclerosis 2005, 11, p. 159-65; Salinthone, S. et al,Endocr. Metab. Immune Disord. Drug Targets 2008, 8, p. 132-42).

Fumaric acid and its ester derivatives, either the mono alkyl hydrogenfumarates or dialkyl fumarates, have been used as therapeutic agents forthe treatment of psoriasis, an autoimmune and Th1-mediated skin disease(Altmeyer et al, J. of the American Academy of Dermatology 1994, 30, p.977-981). In clinical studies with psoriasis patients that have beenadministered with fumarates, a reduction of peripheral CD4+ and CD8+-Tlymphocytes has been observed. These agents have been reported toinhibit LPS-induced NF-κB activation in dendritic cells and endothelialcells in vitro (Loewe et al., J. Immunol. 2004, 168, 4781-4787; Litjenset al., Eur. J. Immunol. 2004, 34, 565-575). Dialkyl and monoalkylfumarates have also demonstrated oral efficacy in the chronicexperimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model for multiplesclerosis (MS). In this particular model, C57BL/6 mice were challengedwith the immunopeptide MOG 35-55 in order to induce disabilities thatwere equivalent to those exhibited by MS patients. Oral treatment witheither dialkyl or monoalkyl fumarate resulted in a significantimprovement in the disability score. The anti-inflammatory cytokineIL-10 was particularly elevated in the blood among the animals treatedwith either dialkyl or monoalkyl fumarate. Furthermore, histologicalanalysis of the spinal cord of animals treated with either dialkyl ormonoalkyl fumarate showed a strongly reduced macrophage inflammation(Schilling et al., Clinical and Experimental Immunology 2006, 145,101-107). Dialkyl and monoalkyl fumarate esters have also been used in anumber of reported studies with patients exhibiting therelapsing-remitting form of multiple sclerosis. Patients treated with720 mg of fumarate esters daily for 70 weeks exhibited a significantreduction in inflammatory brain lesions, as noted by the reduction ofnew gadolinium-enhancing (Gd+) lesions in various MRI taken during thecourse of the treatment (Schimrigk et al., Eur. J. Neurology 2006, 13,604-610). More recently, fumarates have been shown to activate Nrf2, atranscription factor that is responsible for the induction of a numberof important antioxidants and detoxification enzymes that protectmammalian cells against reactive oxygen/nitrogen species andelectrophiles (Lukashev, M. E. “Nrf2 screening assays and relatedmethods and compositions” WO 08097596 A2; Wilms et al, Journal ofNeuroinflammation 2010, 7:30).

Chronic oxidative stress and inflammation have now been linked to thedevelopment and progression of a number of debilitating diseases beyondmultiple sclerosis. Some of these diseases include renal failure, heartfailure, atherosclerosis, osteoporosis, cancer, chronic obstructivepulmonary disease (COPD), Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease.Activation of the Nrf2 pathway in order to resolve this chronicoxidative stress and inflammation appears to be a particularly promisingnew therapeutic approach (For a review see Gozzelino, R. et al Annu.Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 2010, 50, p. 323-54). For instance, smallmolecule activators of Nrf2 have now been shown to be effective in thecisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity mouse model (Aleksunes et al, J.Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics 2010, 335, p. 2-12), thetransgenic Tg19959 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (Dumont et al, J.Neurochem. 2009, 109, p. 502-12), the mouse model for COPD (Sussan, T.E. et al Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2009, 106, p. 250-5), and the murine4T1 breast tumor model (Ling, X. et al Cancer Res. 2007, 67, p. 4210-8).

The ability to provide the effects of fatty acids and fumarates in asynergistic way would provide benefits in treating a variety of cancer,metabolic, autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention is based in part on the discovery of Fatty Acid FumarateDerivatives and their demonstrated effects in achieving improvedtreatment that cannot be achieved by administering fumarates or fattyacids alone or in combination. These novel compounds are useful in thetreatment or prevention of metabolic disorders includingatherosclerosis, dyslipidemia, coronary heart disease,hypercholesterimia, Type 2 diabetes, elevated cholesterol, metabolicsyndrome, diabetic nephropathy, IgA nephropathy, chronic kidney disease(CKD) and cardiovascular disease. In addition, they are useful in thetreatment of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis,psoriasis, systemic lupus erythematosus, inflammatory bowel diseases(including colitis and Crohn's disease), respiratory diseases such asasthma, cystic fibrosis, COPD and neurodegenerative diseases such asmultiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease,Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and musculardystrophy. The compounds described herein are also useful in treating avariety of cancer such as carcinoma, sarcoma, lymphoma, leukemia,melanoma, mesothelioma, multiople myeloma, seminoma, and cancer of thebladder, blood, bone, brain, breast, central nervous system, colon,endometrium, esophagus, genitourinary tract, head, larynx, liver, lung,neck, ovary, pancreas, prostate, testicle, spleen, small intestine,large intestine or stomach.

Accordingly in one aspect, a molecular conjugate is described whichcomprises a fumarate and a fatty acid wherein the fatty acid is selectedfrom the group consisting of omega-3 fatty acids, fatty acids that aremetabolized in vivo to omega-3 fatty acids, and lipoic acid, and theconjugate is capable of hydrolysis to produce free fumarate and freefatty acid. In some embodiments, the fatty acid is selected from thegroup consisting of all-cis-7,10,13-hexadecatrienoic acid, α-linolenicacid, stearidonic acid, eicosatrienoic acid, eicosatetraenoic acid,eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid(DHA), tetracosapentaenoic acid, tetracosahexaenoic acid and lipoicacid. In other embodiments, the fatty acid is selected fromeicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid and lipoic acid. In someembodiments, the hydrolysis is enzymatic.

In another aspect, compounds of the Formula I and Formula II aredescribed:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, solvates, prodrugs,enantiomers, and stereoisomers thereof;

wherein

each W₁, W₂, W₁′, and W₂′ is independently null, O, S, NH, or NR, or W₁and W₂, or W₁′ and W₂′ can be taken together to form an optionallysubstituted imidazolidine or piperazine group;

each a, b, c, d, a′, b′, c′, and d′ is independently —H, -D, —CH₃,—OCH₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —C(O)OR, —O—Z, or benzyl, or two of a, b, c, and d orany two of a′, b′, c′, and d′ can be taken together, along with thesingle carbon to which they are bound, to form a cycloalkyl orheterocycle;

each n, o, p, q, n′, o′, p′, and q′ is independently 0, 1, or 2;

each L and L′ is independently null, —O—, —C(O)—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—,—S—S—, —(C₁-C₆ alkyl)-, —(C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl)-, a heterocycle, aheteroaryl,

wherein the representation of L and L′ is not limited directionally leftto right as is depicted, rather either the left side or the right sideof L and L′ can be bound to the W₁ or W₁′ side of the compound ofFormula I or Formula II, respectively;

each R₆ is independently —H, -D, —C₁-C₄ alkyl, -halogen, cyano, oxo,thiooxo, —OH, —C(O)C₁-C₄ alkyl, —O-aryl, —O-benzyl, —OC(O)C₁-C₄ alkyl,—C₁-C₃ alkene, —C₁-C₃ alkyne, —C(O)C₁-C₄ alkyl, —NH₂, —NH(C₁-C₃ alkyl),—N(C₁-C₃ alkyl)₂, —NH(C(O)C₁-C₃ alkyl), —N(C(O)C₁-C₃ alkyl)₂, —SH,—S(C₁-C₃ alkyl), —S(O)C₁-C₃ alkyl, —S(O)₂C₁-C₃ alkyl;

each g is independently 2, 3, or 4;

each h is independently 1, 2, 3, or 4;

each m and m′ is independently 0, 1, 2, or 3; if m or m′ is more than 1,then L or L′can be the same or different;

each m1 is independently 0, 1, 2, or 3;

k is 0, 1, 2, or 3;

z is 1, 2, or 3;

each R₄ is independently H or optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl,wherein a methylene unit of the C₁-C₆ alkyl can be optionallysubstituted for either O or NR, and in NR₄R₄, both R₄ when takentogether with the nitrogen to which they are attached can form aheterocyclic ring such as a pyrrolidine, piperidine, morpholine,piperazine or pyrrole;

each Z and Z′ is independently H,

provided that

there is at least one

in the compound;

each t is independently 0 or 1;

each r is independently 2, 3, or 7;

each s is independently 3, 5, or 6;

each v is independently 1, 2, or 6;

each R₁ and R₂ is independently —H, -D, —C₁-C₄ alkyl, -halogen, —OH,—C(O)C₁-C₄ alkyl, —O-aryl, —O-benzyl, —OC(O)C₁-C₄ alkyl, —C₁-C₃ alkene,—C₁-C₃ alkyne, —C(O)C₁-C₄ alkyl, —NH₂, —NH(C₁-C₃ alkyl), —N(C₁-C₃alkyl)₂, —NH(C(O)C₁-C₃ alkyl), —N(C(O)C₁-C₃ alkyl)₂, —SH, —S(C₁-C₃alkyl), —S(O)C₁-C₃ alkyl, —S(O)₂C₁-C₃ alkyl;

each R₃ is independently H, —C₁-C₆ alkyl or —C(CH₂OH)₂;

each R₅ is independently e, H or straight or branched C₁-C₁₀ alkyl whichcan be optionally substituted with OH, NH₂, CO₂R, CONH₂, phenyl, C₆H₄OH,imidazole or arginine;

each e is independently H or any one of the side chains of the naturallyoccurring amino acids;

each R is independently —H or straight or branched C₁-C₄ alkyloptionally substituted with OH or halogen;

provided that

when each of m, n, o, p, and q, is 0, W₁ and W₂ is each null, and Z is

then t must be 0;

when each of m′, n′, o′, p′, and q′, is 0, W₁′ and W₂′ is each null, andZ′ is

then t must be 0; and

when each of m, n, o, p, and q is 0, and W₁ and W₂ is each null, or wheneach of m′, n′, o′, p′, and q′, is 0, W₁′ and W₂′ is each null, then Zor Z′ must not be

In another aspect, compounds of the Formula IA are described:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, solvates, prodrugs,enantiomers, and stereoisomers thereof;

wherein

each W₁ and W₂ is independently null, O, S, NH, or NR, or W₁ and W₂ canbe taken together to form an optionally substituted imidazolidine orpiperazine group;

each a, b, c, and d is independently —H, -D, —CH₃, —OCH₃, —OCH₂CH₃,—C(O)OR, or benzyl, or two of a, b, c, and d can be taken together,along with the single carbon to which they are bound, to form acycloalkyl or heterocycle;

each n, o, p, and q is independently 0, 1, or 2;

each L is independently null, —O—, —C(O)—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —S—S—,—(C₁-C₆ alkyl)-, —(C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl)-, a heterocycle, a heteroaryl,

wherein the representation of L is not limited directionally left toright as is depicted, rather either the left side or the right side of Lcan be bound to the W₁ side of the compound of Formula IA;

each R₆ is independently —H, -D, —C₁-C₄ alkyl, -halogen, cyano, oxo,thiooxo, —OH, —C(O)C₁-C₄ alkyl, —O-aryl, —O-benzyl, —OC(O)C₁-C₄ alkyl,—C₁-C₃ alkene, —C₁-C₃ alkyne, —C(O)C₁-C₄ alkyl, —NH₂, —NH(C₁-C₃ alkyl),—N(C₁-C₃ alkyl)₂, —NH(C(O)C₁-C₃ alkyl), —N(C(O)C₁-C₃ alkyl)₂, —SH,—S(C₁-C₃ alkyl), —S(O)C₁-C₃ alkyl, —S(O)₂C₁-C₃ alkyl;

each g is independently 2, 3, or 4;

each h is independently 1, 2, 3, or 4; each m is independently 0, 1, 2,or 3; if m is more than 1, then L can be the same or different;

each m1 is independently 0, 1, 2, or 3;

k is 0, 1, 2, or 3;

z is 1, 2, or 3;

each R₄ is independently H or optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl,wherein a methylene unit of the C₁-C₆ alkyl can be optionallysubstituted for either O or NR, and in NR₄R₄, both R₄ when takentogether with the nitrogen to which they are attached can form aheterocyclic ring such as a pyrrolidine, piperidine, morpholine,piperazine or pyrrole;

each R₃ is independently H, —C₁-C₆ alkyl or —C(CH₂OH)₂;

each R₅ is independently e, H or straight or branched C₁-C₁₀ alkyl whichcan be optionally substituted with OH, NH₂, CO₂R, CONH₂, phenyl, C₆H₄OH,imidazole or arginine;

each e is independently H or any one of the side chains of the naturallyoccurring amino acids;

each R is independently —H, or straight or branched C₁-C₄ alkyloptionally substituted with OH, or halogen.

In another aspect, compounds of Formula IB are described:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, solvates, prodrugs,enantiomers, and stereoisomers thereof;

wherein

each W₁ and W₂ is independently null, O, S, NH, or NR, or W₁ and W₂ canbe taken together can form an optionally substituted imidazolidine orpiperazine group;

each a, b, c, and d is independently —H, -D, —CH₃, —OCH₃, —OCH₂CH₃,—C(O)OR, or benzyl, or two of a, b, c, and d can be taken together,along with the single carbon to which they are bound, to form acycloalkyl or heterocycle;

each n, o, p, and q is independently 0, 1, or 2;

each L is independently null, —O—, —C(O)—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —S—S—,—(C₁-C₆ alkyl)-, —(C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl)-, a heterocycle, a heteroaryl,

wherein the representation of L is not limited directionally left toright as is depicted, rather either the left side or the right side of Lcan be bound to the W₁ side of the compound of Formula IB;

each R₆ is independently —H, -D, —C₁-C₄ alkyl, -halogen, cyano, oxo,thiooxo, —OH, —C(O)C₁-C₄ alkyl, —O-aryl, —O-benzyl, —OC(O)C₁-C₄ alkyl,—C₁-C₃ alkene, —C₁-C₃ alkyne, —C(O)C₁-C₄ alkyl, —NH₂, —NH(C₁-C₃ alkyl),—N(C₁-C₃ alkyl)₂, —NH(C(O)C₁-C₃ alkyl), —N(C(O)C₁-C₃ alkyl)₂, —SH,—S(C₁-C₃ alkyl), —S(O)C₁-C₃ alkyl, —S(O)₂C₁-C₃ alkyl;

each g is independently 2, 3, or 4;

each h is independently 1, 2, 3, or 4;

each m is independently 0, 1, 2, or 3; if m is more than 1, then L canbe the same or different;

each m1 is independently 0, 1, 2 or 3;

k is 0, 1, 2, or 3;

z is 1, 2, or 3;

each R₄ is independently H or optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl,wherein a methylene unit of the C₁-C₆ alkyl can be optionallysubstituted for either O or NR, and in NR₄R₄, both R₄ when takentogether with the nitrogen to which they are attached can form aheterocyclic ring such as a pyrrolidine, piperidine, morpholine,piperazine or pyrrole;

each R₃ is independently H, —C₁-C₆ alkyl or —C(CH₂OH)₂;

each R₅ is independently e, H or straight or branched C₁-C₁₀ alkyl whichcan be optionally substituted with OH, NH₂, CO₂R, CONH₂, phenyl, C₆H₄OH,imidazole or arginine;

each e is independently H or any one of the side chains of the naturallyoccurring amino acids;

each R is independently —H, or straight or branched C₁-C₄ alkyloptionally substituted with OH, or halogen.

In another aspect, compounds of Formula IC are described:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, solvates, prodrugs,enantiomers, and stereoisomers thereof;

wherein

each W₁ and W₂ is independently null, O, S, NH, or NR, or W₁ and W₂ canbe taken together can form an optionally substituted imidazolidine orpiperazine group;

each a, b, c, and d is independently —H, -D, —CH₃, —OCH₃, —OCH₂CH₃,—C(O)OR, or benzyl, or two of a, b, c, and d can be taken together,along with the single carbon to which they are bound, to form acycloalkyl or heterocycle;

each n, o, p, and q is independently 0, 1, or 2;

each L is independently null, —O—, —C(O)—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —S—S—,—(C₁-C₆ alkyl)-, —(C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl)-, a heterocycle, a heteroaryl,

wherein the representation of L is not limited directionally left toright as is depicted, rather either the left side or the right side of Lcan be bound to the W₁ side of the compound of Formula IC;

each R₆ is independently —H, -D, —C₁-C₄ alkyl, -halogen, cyano, oxo,thiooxo, —OH, —C(O)C₁-C₄ alkyl, —O-aryl, —O-benzyl, —OC(O)C₁-C₄ alkyl,—C₁-C₃ alkene, —C₁-C₃ alkyne, —C(O)C₁-C₄ alkyl, —NH₂, —NH(C₁-C₃ alkyl),—N(C₁-C₃ alkyl)₂, —NH(C(O)C₁-C₃ alkyl), —N(C(O)C₁-C₃ alkyl)₂, —SH,—S(C₁-C₃ alkyl), —S(O)C₁-C₃ alkyl, —S(O)₂C₁-C₃ alkyl;

each g is independently 2, 3, or 4;

each h is independently 1, 2, 3, or 4;

each m is independently 0, 1, 2, or 3; if m is more than 1, then L canbe the same or different;

each m1 is independently 0, 1, 2, or 3;

k is 0, 1, 2, or 3;

z is 1, 2, or 3;

each R₄ is independently H or optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl,wherein a methylene unit of the C₁-C₆ alkyl can be optionallysubstituted for either O or NR, and in NR₄R₄, both R₄ when takentogether with the nitrogen to which they are attached can form aheterocyclic ring such as a pyrrolidine, piperidine, morpholine,piperazine or pyrrole;

each R₃ is independently H, —C₁-C₆ alkyl or —C(CH₂OH)₂;

each R₅ is independently e, H or straight or branched C₁-C₁₀ alkyl whichcan be optionally substituted with OH, NH₂, CO₂R, CONH₂, phenyl, C₆H₄OH,imidazole or arginine;

each e is independently H or any one of the side chains of the naturallyoccurring amino acids;

each R is independently —H, or straight or branched C₁-C₄ alkyloptionally substituted with OH or halogen.

In compounds of Formula I, IA, IB, IC, and II, any one or more of H maybe substituted with a deuterium. It is also understood that in compoundsof Formula I, IA, IB, IC, and II, that a methyl substituent can besubstituted with a C₁-C₆ alkyl.

Also described are pharmaceutical formulations comprising at least oneFatty Acid Fumarate Derivative.

Also described herein are methods of treating a disease susceptible totreatment with a Fatty Acid Fumarate Derivative in a patient in needthereof by administering to the patient an effective amount of a FattyAcid Fumarate Derivative.

Also described herein are methods of treating metabolic disorders orautoimmune disease or neurodegenerative diseases by administering to apatient in need thereof an effective amount of a Fatty Acid FumarateDerivative.

Also described herein are methods of treating neurodegenerative diseasesby administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of aFatty Acid Fumarate Derivative.

Also described herein are methods of treating cancer by administering toa patient in need thereof an effective amount of a Fatty Acid FumarateDerivative.

The invention also includes pharmaceutical compositions that comprise aneffective amount of a Fatty Acid Fumarate Derivative and apharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The compositions are useful fortreating or preventing a metabolic disorder, neurodegenarative diseases,and cancer. The invention includes a Fatty Acid Fumarate Derivative whenprovided as a pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug, a hydrate, a salt,such as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, enantiomer, stereoisomer, ormixtures thereof.

The details of the invention are set forth in the accompanyingdescription below. Although methods and materials similar or equivalentto those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of thepresent invention, illustrative methods and materials are now described.Other features, objects, and advantages of the invention will beapparent from the description and from the claims. In the specificationand the appended claims, the singular forms also include the pluralunless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Unless defined otherwise,all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning ascommonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which thisinvention belongs. All patents and publications cited in thisspecification are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 is a graphical representation of the effect of IL-1β and TNF-αgene expression in RAW264.7 macrophages that were treated with eithercompound I-1 or a combination of mono methyl fumarate and DHA.

FIG. 2 is a graphical representation of the Serum TNF-α level of MaleSwiss Webster mice that have been dosed with either compound I-1 ordexamethasone 90 minutes prior to challenge with LPS.

FIG. 3 is a graphical representation of Hmox1 target gene expression inRAW264.7 macrophages that were treated with compound I-1.

FIG. 4 is a graphical representation of IL-1β and Hmox1 target geneexpression in RAW264.7 macrophages that were treated with either controlor two different concentrations of compound I-105 (50 μM and 100 μM).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Metabolic disorders are a wide variety of medical disorders thatinterfere with a subject's metabolism. Metabolism is the process asubject's body uses to transform food into energy. Metabolism in asubject with a metabolic disorder is disrupted in some way. Autoimmunediseases arise from an overactive immune response of the body againsttissues normally present in the body. Neurodegenerative diseases resultfrom the deterioration of neurons or their myelin sheaths, which wouldeventually lead to a variety of CNS-related dysfunctions. The Fatty AcidFumarate Derivatives possess the ability to treat or prevent metabolicdisorders, autoimmune or neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, theFatty Acid Fumarate Derivatives can also be used to treat a variety ofcancers such as carcinoma, sarcoma, lymphoma, leukemia, melanoma,mesothelioma, multiople myeloma, seminoma, and cancer of the bladder,blood, bone, brain, breast, central nervous system, colon, endometrium,esophagus, genitourinary tract, head, larynx, liver, lung, neck, ovary,pancreas, prostate, testicle, spleen, small intestine, large intestineor stomach.

The Fatty Acid Fumarate Derivatives have been designed to bring togetherfumaric acid and ester analogs thereof and fatty acids into a singlemolecular conjugate. The activity of the Fatty Acid Fumarate Derivativesis substantially greater than the sum of the components suggesting thatthe activity induced by the Fatty Acid Fumarate Derivatives issynergistic.

DEFINITIONS

The following definitions are used in connection with the Fatty AcidFumarate Derivatives:

The term “Fatty Acid Fumarate Derivatives” includes any and all possibleisomers, stereoisomers, enantiomers, diastereomers, tautomers,pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, solvates, and prodrugs ofthe Fatty Acid Fumarate Derivatives described herein.

The articles “a” and “an” are used in this disclosure to refer to one ormore than one (i.e., to at least one) of the grammatical object of thearticle. By way of example, “an element” means one element or more thanone element.

The term “and/or” is used in this disclosure to mean either “and” or“or” unless indicated otherwise.

Unless otherwise specifically defined, the term “aryl” refers to cyclic,aromatic hydrocarbon groups that have 1 to 2 aromatic rings, includingmonocyclic or bicyclic groups such as phenyl, biphenyl or naphthyl.Where containing two aromatic rings (bicyclic, etc.), the aromatic ringsof the aryl group may be joined at a single point (e.g., biphenyl), orfused (e.g., naphthyl). The aryl group may be optionally substituted byone or more substituents, e.g., 1 to 5 substituents, at any point ofattachment. The substituents can themselves be optionally substituted.

“C₁-C₃ alkyl” refers to a straight or branched chain saturatedhydrocarbon containing 1-3 carbon atoms. Examples of a C₁-C₃ alkyl groupinclude, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl and isopropyl.

“C₁-C₄ alkyl” refers to a straight or branched chain saturatedhydrocarbon containing 1-4 carbon atoms. Examples of a C₁-C₄ alkyl groupinclude, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl,isopropyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl and tert-butyl.

“C₁-C₅ alkyl” refers to a straight or branched chain saturatedhydrocarbon containing 1-5 carbon atoms. Examples of a C₁-C₅ alkyl groupinclude, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl,isopropyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl and tert-butyl, isopentyl and neopentyl.

“C₁-C₆ alkyl” refers to a straight or branched chain saturatedhydrocarbon containing 1-6 carbon atoms. Examples of a C₁-C₆ alkyl groupinclude, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl,hexyl, isopropyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, isopentyl, andneopentyl.

The term “cycloalkyl” refers to a cyclic hydrocarbon containing 3-6carbon atoms. Examples of a cycloalkyl group include, but are notlimited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl. It isunderstood that any of the substitutable hydrogens on a cycloalkyl canbe substituted with halogen, C₁-C₃ alkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy and cyanogroups.

The term “heterocycle” as used herein refers to a monocyclic or bicyclichydrocarbon containing 3-12 carbon atoms wherein at least one of thecarbon atoms is substituted with a O, N, or S. Examples of a heterocycleinclude, but are not limited to, aziridine, oxirane, thiirane,azetidine, oxetane, thietane, pyrrolidine, tetrahydrofurane,tetrahydrothiophene, piperidine, tetrahydropyran, thiane, imidazolidine,oxazolidine, thiazolidine, dioxolane, dithiolane, piperazine, oxazine,dithiane, dioxane, diazabicycloheptane and diazabicyclooctane.

The term “heteroaryl” as used herein refers to a monocyclic or bicyclicring structure having 5 to 12 ring atoms wherein one or more of the ringatoms is a heteroatom, e.g. N, O or S and wherein one or more rings ofthe bicyclic ring structure is aromatic. Some examples of heteroaryl arepyridyl, furyl, pyrrolyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, imidazolyl,indolyl, tetrazolyl, benzofuryl, xanthenes and dihydroindole. It isunderstood that any of the substitutable hydrogens on a heteroaryl canbe substituted with halogen, C₁-C₃ alkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy and cyanogroups.

The term “any one of the side chains of the naturally occurring aminoacids” as used herein means a side chain of any one of the followingamino acids: Isoleucine, Alanine, Leucine, Asparagine, Lysine,Aspartate, Methionine, Cysteine, Phenylalanine, Glutamate, Threonine,Glutamine, Tryptophan, Glycine, Valine, Proline, Arginine, Serine,Histidine, and Tyrosine.

The term “fatty acid” as used herein means an omega-3 fatty acid, fattyacids that are metabolized in vivo to omega-3 fatty acids, and lipoicacid. Non-limiting examples of fatty acids areall-cis-7,10,13-hexadecatrienoic acid, α-linolenic acid (ALA orall-cis-9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid), stearidonic acid (STD orall-cis-6,9,12,15-octadecatetraenoic acid), eicosatrienoic acid (ETE orall-cis-11,14,17-eicosatrienoic acid), eicosatetraenoic acid (ETA orall-cis-8,11,14,17-eicosatetraenoic acid), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA orall-cis-5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA,clupanodonic acid or all-cis-7,10,13,16,19-docosapentaenoic acid),docosahexaenoic acid (DHA or all-cis-4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoicacid), tetracosapentaenoic acid (all-cis-9,12,15,18,21-docosahexaenoicacid), tetracosahexaenoic acid (nisinic acid orall-cis-6,9,12,15,18,21-tetracosenoic acid) and stereoisomers of lipoicacid.

A “subject” is a mammal, e.g., a human, mouse, rat, guinea pig, dog,cat, horse, cow, pig, or non-human primate, such as a monkey,chimpanzee, baboon or rhesus.

The invention also includes pharmaceutical compositions comprising aneffective amount of a Fatty Acid Fumarate Derivative and apharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The invention includes a Fatty AcidFumarate Derivative when provided as a pharmaceutically acceptableprodrug, hydrate, salt, such as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt,enantiomers, stereoisomers, or mixtures thereof.

Representative “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” include, e.g.,water-soluble and water-insoluble salts, such as the acetate, amsonate(4,4-diaminostilbene-2,2-disulfonate), benzenesulfonate, benzonate,bicarbonate, bisulfate, bitartrate, borate, bromide, butyrate, calcium,calcium edetate, camsylate, carbonate, chloride, citrate, clavulariate,dihydrochloride, edetate, edisylate, estolate, esylate, fiunarate,gluceptate, gluconate, glutamate, glycollylarsanilate,hexafluorophosphate, hexylresorcinate, hydrabamine, hydrobromide,hydrochloride, hydroxynaphthoate, iodide, isothionate, lactate,lactobionate, laurate, magnesium, malate, maleate, mandelate, mesylate,methylbromide, methylnitrate, methylsulfate, mucate, napsylate, nitrate,N-methylglucamine ammonium salt, 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate, oleate,oxalate, palmitate, pamoate (1,1-methene-bis-2-hydroxy-3-naphthoate,einbonate), pantothenate, phosphate/diphosphate, picrate,polygalacturonate, propionate, p-toluenesulfonate, salicylate, stearate,subacetate, succinate, sulfate, sulfosalicylate, suramate, tannate,tartrate, teoclate, tosylate, triethiodide, and valerate salts.

The term “metabolic disorder,” as used herein refers to disorders,diseases and syndromes involving dyslipidemia, and the terms metabolicdisorder, metabolic disease, and metabolic syndrome are usedinterchangeably herein.

An “effective amount” when used in connection with a Fatty Acid FumarateDerivative is an amount effective for treating or preventing a metabolicdisorder.

The term “carrier,” as used in this disclosure, encompasses carriers,excipients, and diluents and means a material, composition or vehicle,such as a liquid or solid filler, diluent, excipient, solvent orencapsulating material, involved in carrying or transporting apharmaceutical agent from one organ, or portion of the body, to anotherorgan, or portion of the body.

The term “treating,” with regard to a subject, refers to improving atleast one symptom of the subject's disorder. Treating can be curing,improving, or at least partially ameliorating the disorder.

The term “disorder” is used in this disclosure to mean, and is usedinterchangeably with, the terms disease, condition, or illness, unlessotherwise indicated.

The term “administer,” “administering,” or “administration” as used inthis disclosure refers to either directly administering a compound orpharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound or a composition to asubject, or administering a prodrug derivative or analog of the compoundor pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound or composition tothe subject, which can form an equivalent amount of active compoundwithin the subject's body.

The term “prodrug,” as used in this disclosure, means a compound whichis convertible in vivo by metabolic means (e.g., by hydrolysis) to aFatty Acid Fumarate Derivative.

The following abbreviations are used herein and have the indicateddefinitions: BSA is bovine serum albumin, DCC isdicyclohexylcarbodiimide, CDI is 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole, DMEM isDulbecco's modified Eagle's medium, EDC is1-Ethyl-3-[3-dimethylaminopropyl]carbodiimide hydrochloride, EtOAc isethyl acetate, HATU is 2-(1H-7-Azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate methanaminium, RT is room temperature, TFAis trifluoroacetic acid, and h is hour.

Compounds

The present invention provides Fatty Acid Fumarate Derivatives accordingto Formula I, IA, IB, IC, and II, as set forth below.

Described herein are compounds of Formula I and Formula II:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, solvates, prodrugs,enantiomers, and stereoisomers thereof;

wherein

W₁, W₂, a, b, c, d, m, ml, n, o, p, q, L, Z, r, s, t, v, R, R₁, R₂, R₃,R₄, R₅, R₆, W₁′, W₂′, a′, c′, b′, d′, n′, o′, p′, q′, ml′, L′, and Z′ isas defined above for Formula I and Formula II, provided that there is atleast one

in the compound.

In some embodiments, one Z is

and r is 2.

In some embodiments, one Z is

and r is 3.

In some embodiments, one Z is

and r is 7.

In other embodiments, one Z is

and s is 3.

In some embodiments, one Z is

and s is 5.

In some embodiments, one Z is

and s is 6.

In some embodiments, one Z is

and v is 1.

In other embodiments, one Z is

and v is 2.

In some embodiments, one Z is

and v is 6.

In some embodiments, one Z is

and s is 3.

In some embodiments, one Z is

and s is 5.

In other embodiments, one Z is

and s is 6.

In other embodiments, Z is

and t is 1.

In some embodiments, Z is

and t is 1.

In another aspect, compounds of Formula IA are described:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, solvates, prodrugs,enantiomers, and stereoisomers thereof;

wherein

W₁, W₂, a, b, c, d, m, ml, n, o, p, q, L, R, R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆ areas defined above for Formula IA.

In another aspect, compounds of Formula IB are described:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, solvates, prodrugs,enantiomers, and stereoisomers thereof;

wherein

W₁, W₂, a, b, c, d, m, ml, n, o, p, q, L, R, R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆ areas defined above for Formula IB.

In another aspect, compounds of Formula IC are described:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, solvates, prodrugs,enantiomers, and stereoisomers thereof;

wherein

W₁, W₂, a, b, c, d, m, ml, n, o, p, q, L, R, R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, and R₆are as defined above for Formula IC.

The following embodiments are illustrative of compounds of Formula I,IA, IB, IC, and II.

In some embodiments, R₃ is CH₃.

In some embodiments, R₃ is —CH₂CH₃.

In some embodiments, R₃ is H.

In some embodiments, W₁ is NH.

In some embodiments, W₂ is NH.

In some embodiments, W_(t) is O.

In some embodiments, W₂ is O.

In some embodiments, W₁ is null.

In some embodiments, W₂ is null.

In some embodiments, W₁ and W₂ are each NH.

In some embodiments, W₁ and W₂ are each null.

In some embodiments, W₁ is O and W₂ are NH.

In some embodiments, W₁ and W₂ is NR, and R are CH₃.

In some embodiments, m is 0.

In other embodiments, m is 1.

In other embodiments, m is 2.

In some embodiments, L is —S— or —S—S—.

In some embodiments, L is —O—.

In some embodiments, L is —C(O)—.

In some embodiments, L is heteroaryl.

In some embodiments, L is heterocycle.

In some embodiments, L is

In some embodiments, L is

In some embodiments, L is

In some embodiments, L is

In some embodiments, L is

In some embodiments, L is

In some embodiments, L is

In some embodiments, L is

In some embodiments, L is

In some embodiments, L is

In some embodiments, L is

In other embodiments, one of n, o, p, and q is 1.

In some embodiments, two of n, o, p, and q are each 1.

In other embodiments, three of n, o, p, and q are each 1.

In some embodiments n, o, p, and q are each 1.

In some embodiments, two of n, o, p, and q are each 1 and the other twoare each 0.

In some embodiments, r is 2 and s are 6.

In some embodiments, r is 3 and s are 5.

In some embodiments, t is 1.

In some embodiments, W₁ and W₂ are each NH, m is 0, n, and o are each 1,and p and q are each 0.

In some embodiments, W₁ and W₂ are each NH, m is 1, n, o, p, and q areeach 1, and L is O.

In some embodiments, W₁ and W₂ are each NH, m is 1, n, o, p, and q areeach 1, and L is

In some embodiments, W₁ and W₂ are each NH, m is 1, n, o, p, and q areeach 1, and L is —S—S—.

In some embodiments, W₁ and W₂ are each NH, m is 1, n and o are each 0,p and q are each 1, and L is

In some embodiments, W₁ and W₂ are each NH, m is 1, k is O, n and o areeach 0, p and q are each 1, and L is

In some embodiments, W₁ and W₂ are each NH, m is 1, n and o are each 1,p and q are each 0, and L is

In some embodiments, W₁ and W₂ are each NH, m is 1, k is 0, n is 1, o, pand q are each 0, and L is

In some embodiments, W₁ and W₂ are each NH, m is 1, n, o, and p are each0, and q is 1, and L is

In some embodiments, W₁ and W₂ are each NH, m is 1, k is 1, n, o, and pare each 0, and q is 1, and L is

In some embodiments, W₁ and W₂ are each NH, m is 1, n is 1, and o, p,and q are each 0, and L is

In some embodiments, W₁ and W₂ are each NH, m is 1, k is 1, o, p, and qare each 0, and L is

In some embodiments, W₁ and W₂ are each NH, m is 1, n, o, p, and q areeach 1, and L is

In some embodiments, W₁ and W₂ are each NH, m is 1, n, o, p, and q areeach 1, and L is

In some embodiments, W₁ and W₂ are each NH, m is 0, k is 1, o and p areeach 1, and q is 0.

In some embodiments, W₁ and W₂ are each NH, m is 0, n, o, p, and q areeach 1.

In some embodiments, W₁ and W₂ are each NH, m is 0, n and o are each 1,p and q are each 0, and each a is CH₃.

In some embodiments, W₁ and W₂ are each NH, m is 0, n and o are each 1,p and q are each 0, and each b is CH₃.

In some embodiments, W₁ and W₂ are each NH, m is 1, n, o, p, and q areeach 1, R₄ is H, and L is

In some embodiments, W₁ and W₂ are each NH, m is 1, n, p and q are each1, and o is 2, R₄ is H, and L is

In some embodiments, W₁ and W₂ are each NH, m is 1, n, o, p are each 1,and q is 2, and L is

In some embodiments, W₁ and W₂ are each NH, m is 1, n, o, p, and q areeach 1, and L is

In some embodiments, W₁ and W₂ are each NH, m is 1, n and p are each 1,and o and q are each 0, and L is —C(O)—.

In some embodiments, W₁ and W₂ are each NH, m is 1, n and p are each 1,and o, and q are each 0, and L is

In some embodiments, W₁ and W₂ are each NH, m is 1, n, o, p, q are each1, and L is

In some embodiments, W₁ and W₂ are each NH, m is 1, n, o, p, and q areeach 1, h is 1, and L is

In some embodiments, W₁ and W₂ are each NH, m is 1, n, o, p, and q areeach 1, and L is —S—.

In some embodiments, W₁ and W₂ are each NH, m is 1, n, o, p are each 0,q is 1, one d is —CH₃, and L is

In some embodiments, W₁ and W₂ are each NH, m is 2, n, o, p, and q areeach 0, one L is

and one L is

In some embodiments, m is 0, n, o, p, and q are each 0, and W₁ and W₂are taken together to form an optionally substituted piperazine group.

In some embodiments, m is 1, n, o, p, and q are each 0, W₁ and W₂ areeach null, and L is

In some embodiments, m is 1, n and p are each 1, o and q are each 0, W₁and W₂ are each NH, and L is C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl.

In some embodiments, m is 1, n is 1, o, p, and q are each 0, W₁ and W₂are each NH, and L is C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl.

In some embodiments, m is 1, n, o, p, are each 0, q is 1, W₁ and W₂ areeach NH, and L is C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl.

In some embodiments, m is 1, n, o, p, and q are each 0, W₁ is NH, W₂ isnull, and L is

In some embodiments, m is 1, n, o, p, and q are each 0, W₁ is null, W₂is NH, and L is

In some embodiments, m is 1, n, o, p, and q are each 0, W₁ is NH, W₂ isnull, and L is

In some embodiments, m is 1, n, o, p, and q are each 0, W₁ is null, W₂is NH, and L is

In some embodiments, m is 1, n is 1, o, p, and q are each 0, W₁ is NH,W₂ is null, and L is

In some embodiments, m is 1, n, o, p, are each 0, q is 1, W₁ is null, W₂is NH, and L is

In some embodiments, m is 1, n, o, p, and q are each 0, W₁ is NH, W₂ isnull, and L is

In some embodiments, m is 1, n, o, p, and q are each 0, W₁ is null, W₂is NH, and L is

In some embodiments, m is 1, n is 1, o, p, and q are each 0, W₁ is NH,W₂ is null, and L is

In some embodiments, m is 1, n, o, p, are each 0, q is 1, W₁ is null, W₂is NH, and L is

In some embodiments, m is 1, n is 1, o, p, and q are each 0, W₁ is NH,W₂ is null, and L is

In some embodiments, m is 1, n, o, p, are each 0, q is 1, W₁ is null, W₂is NH, and L is

In some embodiments, m is 1, n, o, p, q are each 0, W₁ and W₂ is null,and L is

In some embodiments, m is 1, n, o, p, q are each 0, W₁ and W₂ is null,and L is

In some embodiments, m is 1, n, o, p, q are each 0, W₁ is NH, W₂ isnull, and L is

In some embodiments, m is 1, n, o, p, q are each 0, W₁ is null, W₂ isNH, and L is

In some embodiments, m is 1, n, o, p, are each 0, q is 1, W₁ and W₂ areeach and NH, is null, L is

In some embodiments, m is 1, n, o, p, are each 0, q is 1, W₁ and W₂ areeach NH, is null, and L is a heteroaryl.

In some of the foregoing embodiments, r is 2, s is 6 and t is 1.

In some of the foregoing embodiments, r is 3, s is 5 and t is 1.

In some of the foregoing embodiments, Z is

and t is 1.

In the compounds of Formula I, IA, IB, IC and II, any one or more of Hmay be substituted with a deuterium.

In other illustrative embodiments, compounds of Formula I, IA, IB, ICand II are as set forth below:

-   (E)-methyl    4-(2-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamidoethylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate    (I-1);-   (E)-methyl    4-(2-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenamidoethylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate    (I-2);-   (E)-methyl    4-(2-(2-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamidoethoxy)ethylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate    (I-3);-   (E)-methyl    4-(2-((2-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamidoethyl)(methyl)amino)ethylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate    (I-4);-   (E)-methyl    4-(2-(2-(2-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamidoethyl)disulfanyl)ethylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate    (I-5);-   (S)-methyl    6-((4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamido)-2-((E)-4-methoxy-4-oxobut-2-enamido)hexanoate    (I-6);-   (S)-6-((4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamido)-2-((E)-4-methoxy-4-oxobut-2-enamido)hexanoic    acid (I-7);-   (S)-1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yl    6-((4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamido)-2-((E)-4-methoxy-4-oxobut-2-enamido)hexanoate    (I-8);-   (S)-methyl    2-((4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamido)-6-((E)-4-methoxy-4-oxobut-2-enamido)hexanoate    (I-9);-   (S)-2-((4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamido)-6-((E)-4-methoxy-4-oxobut-2-enamido)hexanoic    acid (I-10);-   (S)-1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yl    2-((4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamido)-6-((E)-4-methoxy-4-oxobut-2-enamido)hexanoate    (I-11);-   (E)-methyl    4-(3-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamido-1-methoxy-1-oxopropan-2-ylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate    (I-12);-   3-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamido-2-((E)-4-methoxy-4-oxobut-2-enamido)propanoic    acid (I-13);-   (E)-methyl    4-(1-(1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yloxy)-3-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamido-1-oxopropan-2-ylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate    (I-14);-   (E)-methyl    4-(2-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamido-3-methoxy-3-oxopropylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate    (I-15);-   2-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamido-3-((E)-4-methoxy-4-oxobut-2-enamido)propanoic    acid (I-16);-   (E)-methyl    4-(3-(1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yloxy)-2-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamido-3-oxopropylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate    (I-17);-   2-(2-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamidoethyl)-4-((E)-4-methoxy-4-oxobut-2-enamido)butanoic    acid (I-18);-   (E)-methyl    4-(3-((1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yloxy)carbonyl)-5-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamidopentylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate    (I-19);-   (E)-methyl    4-(3-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamidopropylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate    (I-20);-   (E)-methyl    4-(4-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamidobutylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate    (I-21);-   (E)-methyl    4-(1-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamido-2-methylpropan-2-ylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate    (I-22);-   (E)-methyl    4-(2-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamido-2-methylpropylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate    (I-23);-   (E)-methyl    4-(2-(2-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamidoethylamino)ethylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate    (I-24);-   (E)-methyl    4-(3-(2-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamidoethylamino)propylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate    (I-25);-   (E)-methyl    4-(2-(3-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamidopropylamino)ethylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate    (I-26);-   (E)-methyl    4-(2-((3-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamidopropyl)(ethyl)amino)ethylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate    (I-27);-   (E)-methyl    4-(2-(N-(3-(4Z,7Z,100Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamidopropyl)acetamido)ethylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate    (I-28);-   (E)-methyl    4-(2-((2-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamidoethyl)(2-morpholinoethyl)amino)ethylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate    (I-29);-   (E)-methyl    4-(2-((2-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamidoethyl)(3-(piperazin-1-yl)propyl)amino)ethylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate    (I-30);-   (E)-methyl    4-(3-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamido-2-oxopropylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate    (I-31);-   (E)-methyl    4-(3-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamido-2-morpholinopropylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate    (I-32);-   (E)-methyl    4-(3-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamido-2-(piperazin-1-yl)propylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate    (I-33);-   (E)-methyl    4-(5-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamido-3-hydroxypentylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate    (I-34);-   (E)-methyl    4-(5-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamido-3-morpholinopentylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate    (I-35);-   (E)-methyl    4-(2-(2-(2-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamidoethoxy)ethoxy)ethylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate    (I-36);-   (E)-methyl    4-(2-(2-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamidoethylthio)ethylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate    (I-37);-   (E)-methyl    4-(3-(2-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamidoacetoxy)-1-methoxy-1-oxobutan-2-ylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate    (I-38);-   (E)-methyl    4-((R)-3-(1-(2-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamidoethyl)-2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-3-ylthio)-1-methoxy-1-oxopropan-2-ylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate    (I-39);-   (E)-methyl    4-(4-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoylpiperazin-1-yl)-4-oxobut-2-enoate    (I-40);-   (E)-methyl    4-((2R,6S)-4-((4Z,7Z,100Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoyl)-2,6-dimethylpiperazin-1-yl)-4-oxobut-2-enoate    (I-41);-   (E)-methyl    4-((1S,4S)-5-((4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoyl)-2,5-diaza-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-yl)-4-oxobut-2-enoate    (I-42);-   (E)-methyl    4-((2-((4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamidomethyl)cyclopropyl)methylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate    (I-43);-   (E)-methyl    4-((4-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamidocyclohexyl)methylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate    (I-44);-   (E)-methyl    4-(4-((4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamidomethyl)cyclohexylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate    (I-45);-   (E)-methyl    4-(3-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoyl-3-aza-bicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-6-ylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate    (I-46);-   (E)-methyl    4-(6-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamido-3-aza-bicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-3-yl)-4-oxobut-2-enoate    (I-47);-   (E)-methyl    4-((S)-1-((4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate    (I-48);-   (E)-methyl    4-((S)-3-((4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamido)pyrrolidin-1-yl)-4-oxobut-2-enoate    (I-49);-   (E)-methyl    4-((1-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate    (I-50);-   (E)-methyl    4-(2-((4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamidomethyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)-4-oxobut-2-enoate    (I-51);-   (E)-methyl    4-(1-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoylpiperidin-4-ylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate    (I-52);-   (E)-methyl    4-(4-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamidopiperidin-1-yl)-4-oxobut-2-enoate    (I-53);-   (E)-methyl    4-((1-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoylpiperidin-4-yl)methylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate    (I-54);-   (E)-methyl    4-(4-((4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamidomethyl)piperidin-1-yl)-4-oxobut-2-enoate    (I-55);-   (E)-methyl    4-((1-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoylpiperidin-2-yl)methylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate    (I-56);-   (E)-methyl    4-(2-((4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamidomethyl)piperidin-1-yl)-4-oxobut-2-enoate    (I-57);-   (E)-methyl    4-((4-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoylmorpholin-3-yl)methylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate    (I-58);-   (E)-methyl    4-(3-((4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamidomethyl)morpholino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate    (I-59);-   (E)-methyl    4-(5-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoyl-hexahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrol-2(1H)-yl)-4-oxobut-2-enoate    (I-60);-   (E)-methyl    4-(1-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoyl-hexahydropyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrrol-5(1H)-yl)-4-oxobut-2-enoate    (I-61);-   (E)-methyl    4-((2-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoyloctahydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazin-7-yl)methylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate    (I-62);-   (E)-methyl    4-(7-((4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamidomethyl)-hexahydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazin-2(1H)-yl)-4-oxobut-2-enoate    (I-63);-   (E)-methyl    4-(4-((4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamidomethyl)phenylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate    (I-64);-   (E)-methyl    4-(6-((4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamidomethyl)pyridin-2-ylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate    (I-65);-   (E)-ethyl    4-(2-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamidoethylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate    (I-66);-   (E)-ethyl    4-(2-((2-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamidoethyl)(methyl)amino)ethylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate    (I-67);-   (E)-ethyl    4-(2-(2-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamidoethylamino)ethylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate    (I-68);-   (S)-6-((4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamido)-2-((E)-4-ethoxy-4-oxobut-2-enamido)hexanoic    acid (I-69);-   (S)-2-((4Z,7Z,100Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamido)-6-((E)-4-ethoxy-4-oxobut-2-enamido)hexanoic    acid (I-70);-   (S)-6-((5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenamido)-2-((E)-4-methoxy-4-oxobut-2-enamido)hexanoic    acid (I-71);-   (S)-2-((5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenamido)-6-((E)-4-methoxy-4-oxobut-2-enamido)hexanoic    acid (I-72);-   (E)-methyl    4-(2-(2-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenamidoethylamino)ethylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate    (I-73);-   (E)-methyl    4-(2-((2-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenamidoethyl)(methyl)amino)ethylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate    (I-74);-   (E)-ethyl    4-(2-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenamidoethylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate    (I-75);-   (S)-2-((E)-4-ethoxy-4-oxobut-2-enamido)-6-((5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenamido)hexanoic    acid (I-76);-   (S)-6-((E)-4-ethoxy-4-oxobut-2-enamido)-2-((5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenamido)hexanoic    acid (I-77);-   (E)-ethyl    4-(2-((2-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenamidoethyl)(methyl)amino)ethylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate    (I-78);-   (E)-ethyl    4-(2-(2-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenamidoethylamino)ethylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate    (I-79);-   (S)-5-((4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamido)-2-((E)-4-methoxy-4-oxobut-2-enamido)pentanoic    acid (I-80);-   (S)-2-((4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamido)-5-((E)-4-methoxy-4-oxobut-2-enamido)pentanoic    acid (I-81);-   (S)-1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yl    5-((4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamido)-2-((E)-4-methoxy-4-oxobut-2-enamido)pentanoate    (I-82);-   (S)-1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yl    2-((4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamido)-5-((E)-4-methoxy-4-oxobut-2-enamido)pentanoate    (I-83);-   (S)-5-((5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenamido)-2-((E)-4-methoxy-4-oxobut-2-enamido)pentanoic    acid (I-84);-   (S)-2-((5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenamido)-5-((E)-4-methoxy-4-oxobut-2-enamido)pentanoic    acid (I-85);-   (S)-1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yl    5-((5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenamido)-2-((E)-4-methoxy-4-oxobut-2-enamido)pentanoate    (I-86);-   (S)-1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yl    2-((5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenamido)-5-((E)-4-methoxy-4-oxobut-2-enamido)pentanoate    (I-87);-   (S)-5-((4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamido)-2-((E)-4-ethoxy-4-oxobut-2-enamido)pentanoic    acid (I-88);-   (S)-2-((4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamido)-5-((E)-4-ethoxy-4-oxobut-2-enamido)pentanoic    acid (I-89);-   (S)-1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yl    5-((4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamido)-2-((E)-4-ethoxy-4-oxobut-2-enamido)pentanoate    (I-90);-   (S)-1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yl    2-((4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamido)-5-((E)-4-ethoxy-4-oxobut-2-enamido)pentanoate    (I-91);-   (S)-2-((E)-4-ethoxy-4-oxobut-2-enamido)-5-((5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenamido)pentanoic    acid (I-92);-   (S)-5-((E)-4-ethoxy-4-oxobut-2-enamido)-2-((5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenamido)pentanoic    acid (I-93);-   (S)-1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yl    2-((E)-4-ethoxy-4-oxobut-2-enamido)-5-((5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenamido)pentanoate    (I-94);-   (S)-1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yl    5-((E)-4-ethoxy-4-oxobut-2-enamido)-2-((5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenamido)pentanoate    (I-95);-   (S)-1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yl    6-((5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenamido)-2-((E)-4-methoxy-4-oxobut-2-enamido)hexanoate    (I-96);-   (S)-1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yl    2-((5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenamido)-6-((E)-4-methoxy-4-oxobut-2-enamido)hexanoate    (I-97);-   (S)-1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yl    6-((4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamido)-2-((E)-4-ethoxy-4-oxobut-2-enamido)hexanoate    (I-98);-   (S)-1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yl    2-((E)-4-ethoxy-4-oxobut-2-enamido)-6-((5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenamido)hexanoate    (I-99);-   (S)-1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yl    2-((4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamido)-6-((E)-4-ethoxy-4-oxobut-2-enamido)hexanoate    (I-100);-   (S)-1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yl    6-((E)-4-ethoxy-4-oxobut-2-enamido)-2-((5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenamido)hexanoate    (I-101);-   (E)-4-(2-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamidoethylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoic    acid (I-102);-   2-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamidoethyl    methyl fumarate (I-103);-   (E)-methyl    4-(methyl(2-((4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)—N-methyldocosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamido)ethyl)amino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate    (I-104);-   (R,E)-methyl    4-(2-(5-(1,2-dithiolan-3-yl)pentanamido)ethylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate    (I-105);-   6-(5-((R)-1,2-dithiolan-3-yl)pentanamido)-2-((E)-4-methoxy-4-oxobut-2-enamido)hexanoic    acid (I-106);-   2-(5-((R)-1,2-dithiolan-3-yl)pentanamido)-6-((E)-4-methoxy-4-oxobut-2-enamido)hexanoic    acid (I-107);-   (R,E)-methyl    4-(2-(2-(5-(1,2-dithiolan-3-yl)pentanamido)ethylamino)ethylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate    (I-108);-   (R,E)-methyl    4-(2-((2-(5-(1,2-dithiolan-3-yl)pentanamido)ethyl)(methyl)amino)ethylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate    (I-109);-   N¹,    N⁴-bis(2-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamidoethyl)fumaramide    (II-1); and-   N¹-(2-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamidoethyl)-N4-(2-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenamidoethyl)fumaramide    (II-2).    Methods for Using Fatty Acid Fumarate Derivatives

Also provided in the invention is a method for inhibiting, preventing,or treating inflammation or an inflammatory disease in a subject. Theinflammation can be associated with an inflammatory disease or a diseasewhere inflammation contributes to the disease. Inflammatory diseases canarise where there is an inflammation of the body tissue. These includelocal inflammatory responses and systemic inflammation. Examples of suchdiseases include, but are not limited to: organ transplant rejection;reoxygenation injury resulting from organ transplantation (see Grupp etal., J. Mol. Cell Cardiol. 31: 297-303 (1999)) including, but notlimited to, transplantation of the following organs: heart, lung, liverand kidney; chronic inflammatory diseases of the joints, includingarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and bone diseasesassociated with increased bone resorption; inflammatory bowel diseasessuch as ileitis, ulcerative colitis, Barrett's syndrome, and Crohn'sdisease; inflammatory lung diseases such as asthma, adult respiratorydistress syndrome, chronic obstructive airway disease, and cysticfibrosis; inflammatory diseases of the eye including corneal dystrophy,trachoma, onchocerciasis, uveitis, sympathetic ophthalmitis andendophthalmitis; chronic inflammatory diseases of the gum, includinggingivitis and periodontitis; chronic kidney disease (CKD); IgAnephropathy; inflammatory diseases of the kidney including uremiccomplications, glomerulonephritis and nephrosis; inflammatory diseasesof the skin including sclerodermatitis, psoriasis and eczema;inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system, including chronicdemyelinating diseases of the nervous system, multiple sclerosis,AIDS-related neurodegeneration and Alzheimer's disease, infectiousmeningitis, encephalomyelitis, Parkinson's disease, Huntington'sdisease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and viral or autoimmuneencephalitis. Metabolic disease such as type II diabetes mellitus; theprevention of type I diabetes; dyslipedemia; hypertriglyceridemia;diabetic complications, including, but not limited to glaucoma,retinopathy, macula edema, nephropathy, such as microalbuminuria andprogressive diabetic nephropathy, polyneuropathy, diabetic neuropathy,atherosclerotic coronary arterial disease, peripheral arterial disease,nonketotic hyperglycemichyperosmolar coma, mononeuropathies, autonomicneuropathy, joint problems, and a skin or mucous membrane complication,such as an infection, a shin spot, a candidal infection or necrobiosislipoidica diabeticorum; immune-complex vasculitis, systemic lupuserythematosus; inflammatory diseases of the heart such ascardiomyopathy, ischemic heart disease hypercholesterolemia, andatherosclerosis; as well as various other diseases that can havesignificant inflammatory components, including preeclampsia; chronicliver failure, brain and spinal cord trauma, and cancer. Theinflammatory disease can also be a systemic inflammation of the body,exemplified by gram-positive or gram negative shock, hemorrhagic oranaphylactic shock, or shock induced by cancer chemotherapy in responseto proinflammatory cytokines, e.g., shock associated withproinflammatory cytokines. Such shock can be induced, e.g., by achemotherapeutic agent that is administered as a treatment for cancer.Other disorders include depression, obesity, allergic diseases, acutecardiovascular events, arrhythmia, prevention of sudden death, musclewasting diseases such as Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy, inflammatorymyopathies such as dermatomositis, inclusion body myositis, andpolymyositis, and cancer cachexia. Also inflammation that results fromsurgery and trauma can be treated with a Fatty Acid Fumarate Derivative.

The compounds described herein are also useful in treating a variety ofcancers such as carcinoma, sarcoma, lymphoma, leukemia, melanoma,mesothelioma, multiople myeloma, seminoma, and cancer of the bladder,blood, bone, brain, breast, central nervous system, colon, endometrium,esophagus, genitourinary tract, head, larynx, liver, lung, neck, ovary,pancreas, prostate, testicle, spleen, small intestine, large intestineor stomach.

In some embodiments, the subject is administered an effective amount ofa Fatty Acid Fumarate Derivative.

Effective dosage amounts of the present invention, when used for theindicated effects, range from about 20 mg to about 5000 mg of the FattyAcid Fumarate Derivative per day. Compositions for in vivo or in vitrouse can contain about 20, 50, 75, 100, 150, 250, 500, 750, 1000, 1250,2500, 3500, or 5000 mg of the Fatty Acid Fumarate Derivative. In oneembodiment, the compositions are in the form of a tablet that can bescored. Effective plasma levels of the Fatty Acid Fumarate Derivativecan range from about 0.002 mg to about 100 mg per kg of body weight perday. Appropriate dosages of the Fatty Acid Fumarate Derivatives can bedetermined as set forth in Goodman, L. S.; Gilman, A. ThePharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 5th ed.; MacMillan: New York,1975, pp. 201-226.

The invention also includes pharmaceutical compositions useful fortreating or preventing a metabolic disorder, or for inhibiting ametabolic disorder, or more than one of these activities. Thecompositions can be suitable for internal use and comprise an effectiveamount of a Fatty Acid Fumarate Derivative and a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier. The Fatty Acid Fumarate Derivatives are especiallyuseful in that they demonstrate very low peripheral toxicity or noperipheral toxicity.

Administration of the Fatty Acid Fumarate Derivatives can beaccomplished via any mode of administration for therapeutic agents.These modes include systemic or local administration such as oral,nasal, parenteral, transdermal, subcutaneous, vaginal, buccal, rectal ortopical administration modes.

Depending on the intended mode of administration, the compositions canbe in solid, semi-solid or liquid dosage form, such as, for example,injectables, tablets, suppositories, pills, time-release capsules,elixirs, tinctures, emulsions, syrups, powders, liquids, suspensions, orthe like, sometimes in unit dosages and consistent with conventionalpharmaceutical practices. Likewise, they can also be administered inintravenous (both bolus and infusion), intraperitoneal, subcutaneous orintramuscular form, all using forms well known to those skilled in thepharmaceutical arts.

Illustrative pharmaceutical compositions are tablets and gelatincapsules comprising a Fatty Acid Fumarate Derivative and apharmaceutically acceptable carrier, such as a) a diluent, e.g.,purified water, triglyceride oils, such as hydrogenated or partiallyhydrogenated vegetable oil, or mixtures thereof, corn oil, olive oil,sunflower oil, safflower oil, fish oils, such as EPA or DHA, or theiresters or triglycerides or mixtures thereof, omega-3 fatty acids orderivatives thereof, lactose, dextrose, sucrose, mannitol, sorbitol,cellulose, sodium, saccharin, glucose and/or glycine; b) a lubricant,e.g., silica, talcum, stearic acid, its magnesium or calcium salt,sodium oleate, sodium stearate, magnesium stearate, sodium benzoate,sodium acetate, sodium chloride and/or polyethylene glycol; for tabletsalso; c) a binder, e.g., magnesium aluminum silicate, starch paste,gelatin, tragacanth, methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose,magnesium carbonate, natural sugars such as glucose or beta-lactose,corn sweeteners, natural and synthetic gums such as acacia, tragacanthor sodium alginate, waxes and/or polyvinylpyrrolidone, if desired; d) adisintegrant, e.g., starches, agar, methyl cellulose, bentonite, xanthangum, algiic acid or its sodium salt, or effervescent mixtures; e)absorbent, colorant, flavorant and sweetener; f) an emulsifier ordispersing agent, such as Tween 80, Labrasol, HPMC, DOSS, caproyl 909,labrafac, labrafil, peceol, transcutol, capmul MCM, capmul PG-12, captex355, gelucire, vitamin E TGPS or other acceptable emulsifier; and/or g)an agent that enhances absorption of the compound such as cyclodextrin,hydroxypropyl-cyclodextrin, PEG400, PEG200.

Liquid, particularly injectable, compositions can, for example, beprepared by dissolution, dispersion, etc. For example, the Fatty AcidFumarate Derivative is dissolved in or mixed with a pharmaceuticallyacceptable solvent such as, for example, water, saline, aqueousdextrose, glycerol, ethanol, and the like, to thereby form an injectableisotonic solution or suspension. Proteins such as albumin, chylomicronparticles, or serum proteins can be used to solubilize the Fatty AcidFumarate Derivatives.

The Fatty Acid Fumarate Derivatives can be also formulated as asuppository that can be prepared from fatty emulsions or suspensions;using polyalkylene glycols such as propylene glycol, as the carrier.

The Fatty Acid Fumarate Derivatives can also be administered in the formof liposome delivery systems, such as small unilamellar vesicles, largeunilamellar vesicles and multilamellar vesicles. Liposomes can be formedfrom a variety of phospholipids, containing cholesterol, stearylamine orphosphatidylcholines. In some embodiments, a film of lipid components ishydrated with an aqueous solution of drug to a form lipid layerencapsulating the drug, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,262,564.

Fatty Acid Fumarate Derivatives can also be delivered by the use ofmonoclonal antibodies as individual carriers to which the Fatty AcidFumarate Derivatives are coupled. The Fatty Acid Fumarate Derivativescan also be coupled with soluble polymers as targetable drug carriers.Such polymers can include polyvinylpyrrolidone, pyran copolymer,polyhydroxypropylmethacrylamide-phenol,polyhydroxyethylaspanamidephenol, or polyethyleneoxidepolylysinesubstituted with palmitoyl residues. Furthermore, the Fatty AcidFumarate Derivatives can be coupled to a class of biodegradable polymersuseful in achieving controlled release of a drug, for example,polylactic acid, polyepsilon caprolactone, polyhydroxy butyric acid,polyorthoesters, polyacetals, polydihydropyrans, polycyanoacrylates andcross-linked or amphipathic block copolymers of hydrogels. In oneembodiment, Fatty Acid Fumarate Derivatives are not covalently bound toa polymer, e.g., a polycarboxylic acid polymer, or a polyacrylate.

Parenteral injectable administration is generally used for subcutaneous,intramuscular or intravenous injections and infusions. Injectables canbe prepared in conventional forms, either as liquid solutions orsuspensions or solid forms suitable for dissolving in liquid prior toinjection.

Compositions can be prepared according to conventional mixing,granulating or coating methods, respectively, and the presentpharmaceutical compositions can contain from about 0.1% to about 80%,from about 5% to about 60%, or from about 1% to about 20% of the FattyAcid Fumarate Derivative by weight or volume.

The dosage regimen utilizing the Fatty Acid Fumarate Derivative isselected in accordance with a variety of factors including type,species, age, weight, sex and medical condition of the patient; theseverity of the condition to be treated; the route of administration;the renal or hepatic function of the patient; and the particular FattyAcid Fumarate Derivative employed. A physician or veterinarian ofordinary skill in the art can readily determine and prescribe theeffective amount of the drug required to prevent, counter or arrest theprogress of the condition.

Fatty Acid Fumarate Derivatives can be administered in a single dailydose, or the total daily dosage can be administered in divided doses oftwo, three or four times daily. Furthermore, Fatty Acid FumarateDerivatives can be administered in intranasal form via topical use ofsuitable intranasal vehicles, or via transdermal routes, using thoseforms of transdermal skin patches well known to those of ordinary skillin that art. To be administered in the form of a transdermal deliverysystem, the dosage administration can be continuous rather thanintermittent throughout the dosage regimen. Other illustrative topicalpreparations include creams, ointments, lotions, aerosol sprays andgels, wherein the concentration of the Fatty Acid Fumarate Derivativeranges from about 0.1% to about 15%, w/w or w/v.

Methods for Making the Fatty Acid Fumarate Derivatives

Examples of synthetic pathways useful for making Fatty Acid FumarateDerivatives of Formula I, IA, IB, IC, and II are set forth in theExamples below and generalized in Schemes 1-11.

The mono-BOC protected amine of the Formula B can be obtained fromcommercial sources or prepared according to the procedures outlined inKrapcho et al, Synthetic Communications 1990, 20, p. 2559-2564. Thecommercially available compound A can be amidated with the amine B usinga coupling reagent such as DCC, CDI, EDC, or optionally with a tertiaryamine base and/or catalyst, e.g., DMAP, followed by deprotection of theBOC group with acids such as TFA or HCl in a solvent such as CH₂Cl₂ ordioxane to produce the coupled compound C. Activation of compound C witha coupling agent such as HATU in the presence of an amine such as DIEAfollowed by addition of a fatty acid of Formula D affords compounds ofthe Formula E. Those skilled in the art will recognize that lipoic acidcan be substituted for fatty acid D in this and subsequent schemes.

The acylated amine of the Formula F can be prepared using the proceduresoutlined in Andruszkiewicz et al, Synthetic Communications, 2008, 38, p.905-913. Compound A can be amidated with the amine F using a couplingreagent such as DCC, CDI, EDC, or optionally with a tertiary amine baseand/or catalyst, e.g., DMAP, followed by deprotection of the BOC groupwith acids such as TFA or HCl in a solvent such as CH₂Cl₂ or dioxane toproduce the coupled compound G. Activation of compound G with a couplingagent such as HATU in the presence of an amine such as DIEA followed byaddition of a fatty acid of Formula D affords compounds of the FormulaH.

Compound A can be amidated with the corresponding amine I (where i=0, 1,2 or 3) using a coupling reagent such as DCC, CDI, EDC, or optionallywith a tertiary amine base and/or catalyst, e.g., DMAP, followed bydeprotection of the BOC group with acids such as TFA or HCl in a solventsuch as CH₂Cl₂ or dioxane to produce the coupled compound J. Activationof compound J with a coupling agent such as HATU in the presence of anamine such as DIEA followed by addition of a fatty acid of Formula Daffords compounds of the Formula K. Hydrolysis of the ester under basicconditions such as NaOH or LiOH produces the corresponding acid, whichcan be coupled with glycidyl to afford compounds of the Formula L.

The amine M can be prepared according to the procedures outlined inDahan et al, J. Org. Chem. 2007, 72, p. 2289-2296. Compound A can becoupled with the amine M using a coupling reagent such as DCC, CDI, EDC,or optionally with a tertiary amine base and/or catalyst, e.g., DMAP,followed by deprotection of the BOC group with acids such as TFA or HClin a solvent such as CH₂Cl₂ or dioxane to produce the coupled compoundN. Activation of compound N with a coupling agent such as HATU in thepresence of an amine such as DIEA followed by addition of a fatty acidof Formula D affords compounds of the Formula O.

Compound A can be amidated with the commercially available amine P usinga coupling reagent such as DCC, CDI, EDC, or optionally with a tertiaryamine base and/or catalyst, e.g., DMAP, to afford compound Q. The BOCgroup in compound Q can be removed with acids such as TFA or HCl in asolvent such as CH₂Cl₂ or dioxane and the resulting amine can be coupledwith a fatty acid of Formula D using a coupling agent such as HATU inthe presence of an amine such as DIEA to afford compounds of the FormulaR. To those familiar in the art, the sulfur group in Formula Q can beoxidized to the corresponding sulfoxide or sulfone using an oxidizingagent such as H₂O₂ or oxone.

The amine T can be prepared from the commercially available diamineaccording to the procedures outlined in Dahan et al, J. Org. Chem. 2007,72, p. 2289-2296. Compound A can be amidated with the amine T using acoupling reagent such as DCC, CDI, EDC, or optionally with a tertiaryamine base and/or catalyst, e.g., DMAP, to afford compound U. The BOCgroup of compound U can be removed with acids such as TFA or HCl in asolvent such as CH₂Cl₂ or dioxane and the resulting amine can be coupledwith a fatty acid of Formula D using HATU in the presence of an aminesuch as DIEA to afford compounds of the Formula V. To those familiar inthe art, the hydroxyl group in compound U can be further acylated orconverted to an amino group by standard mesylation chemistry followed bydisplacement with sodium azide and hydrogenation over a catalyst such asPalladium on carbon. The amine can be further acylated or alkylated,followed by the removal of the BOC group. The resulting amine can becoupled with a fatty acid of the Formula D to afford compounds of theFormula W.

Compound A can be amidated with the commercially available amine X usinga coupling reagent such as DCC, CDI, EDC, optionally with a tertiaryamine base and/or catalyst, e.g., DMAP to afford compound Y. The BOCgroup in compound Y can be removed with acids such as TFA or HCl in asolvent such as CH₂Cl₂ or dioxane. The resulting amine can be coupledwith a fatty acid of the Formula D using a coupling agent such as HATUin the presence of an amine such as DIEA to afford compounds of theFormula Z.

Compound A can be amidated with the commercially available cysteinemethyl ester using a coupling reagent such as DCC, CDI, EDC, oroptionally with a tertiary amine base and/or catalyst, e.g., DMAP, toafford compound AA. The commercially available maleimide derivative BBcan be coupled with a fatty acid of the Formula D using a coupling agentsuch as HATU or EDCI to afford compounds of the Formula CC. Compound AAcan be coupled to compounds of the Formula CC in a solvent such asacetonitrile to afford compounds of the Formula DD.

The commercially available amino acid esters EE can be coupled with afatty acid of the Formula D using a coupling agent such as EDCI or HATU,followed by alkaline hydrolysis of the methyl ester to afford compoundsof the Formula FF. Compounds of the Formula FF can be coupled with thecommercially available BOC-amino acid derivatives GG using a couplingagent such as EDCI or HATU. The BOC group can be removed by treatmentwith acids such as TFA or HCl to afford compounds of the Formula HHwhich can then be coupled with compound A to afford compounds of theFormula II.

Compound A can be coupled with the amine of Formula JJ using either EDCIor HATU to afford compounds of the Formula KK. The BOC group can beremoved by treatment with acids such as TFA or HCl and the resultingamine can be coupled with a fatty acid of Formula D to afford compoundLL. The methyl ester group can be hydrolyzed by treatment with a basesuch as LiOH or NaOH and the resulting acid can be coupled with theamine JJ to afford compound MM. The BOC group can be removed bytreatment with acids such as TFA or HCl and the resulting amine can becoupled with a fatty acid of Formula D using either EDCI or HATU toafford compound NN.

Compound A can be coupled with a BOC-protected diamine of the generalFormula DA to obtain the BOC-protected amide derivative. After treatmentwith HCl in dioxane, the resulting amine 00 can be coupled with a fattyacid of the Formula D in order to obtain compounds of the Formula PP. Avariety of BOC-protected diamines are commercially available. DiaminesDA1, DA2, DA3, and DA4

and derivatives thereof, can be prepared according to the proceduresoutlined in the corresponding references: diamine DA1, Stocks et al,Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters 2010, p. 7458; diamine DA2,Fritch et al, Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters 2010, p. 6375;diamine DA3 and DA4, Moffat et al, J. Med. Chem. 2010, 53, p.8663-8678), the disclosures of the foregoing references are incorporatedherein in their entireties. Detailed procedures to prepare a variety ofmono-protected diamines can also be found in the following references:WO 2004092172, WO 2004092171, and WO 2004092173, the disclosures ofwhich are incorporated herein in their entireties.

EXAMPLES

The disclosure is further illustrated by the following examples, whichare not to be construed as limiting this disclosure in scope or spiritto the specific procedures herein described. It is to be understood thatthe examples are provided to illustrate certain embodiments and that nolimitation to the scope of the disclosure is intended thereby. It is tobe further understood that resort may be had to various otherembodiments, modifications, and equivalents thereof which may suggestthemselves to those skilled in the art without departing from the spiritof the present disclosure and/or scope of the appended claims.

Example 1 Effects of Compounds of the Invention on NfκB Levels in RAW264.7 Macrophages

RAW 264.7 cells stably expressing a 3× NFkB response element-driveluciferase reporter were seeded into 96 well plates in sera-free medium(Optimem) 18 hours prior to compound application. Compounds of theinvention were prepared by first making 100 mM stock solutions in EtOH.Stock solutions were then diluted 1:100 in low LPS FBS (Gemini BenchMark100-106), mixed vigorously and allowed to incubate at room temperaturefor 30 minutes. 1:2 serial dilutions were then made in FBS supplementedwith 1% EtOH, mixed vigorously, and again allowed to incubate at roomtemperature for 30 minutes before adding to RAW 264.7 reporter cells(final concentrations: 10% FBS, 100 uM highest compound dilution, 0.1%EtOH) for a 2 hour pretreatment prior to stimulation with LPS. Cellswere then stimulated with 200 ng/ml LPS or vehicle control for 3 hoursin the presence of the compounds of the invention. A set of six vehicleswas left unstimulated with LPS in order to measure the assay floor.AlamarBlue viability dye (Invitrogen) was added to cells simultaneouslywith the delivery of LPS (final AlamarBlue concentration of 10%). Afterthe 3 h incubation period with LPS, cell viability was measured byreading fluorescence (excitation 550 nm, emission 595 nm) with a PerkinElmer Victor V plate reader. Then cell media was aspirated from eachwell. Luciferase signal was then developed by addition of the BritelitePlus reagent (Perkin Elmer). Luciferase activity was measured with thePerkin Elmer Victor V plate reader. NF-κB activity was expressed as apercent of the vehicle control wells (stimulated with LPS). Compoundswere tested at 6 dose point titrations in triplicate to determine IC₅₀values.

Table 1 summarizes the IC50 values for a number of fatty acid fumarateconjugates in this NF-κB luciferase reporter assay. In this table,MMF=mono methyl fumarate. A (−) indicates that the compound showed noinhibitory activity≦200 μM. A (+) indicates that the compound showedinhibitory activity between >50 μM and ≦200 μM. A (++) indicates thatthe compound showed inhibitory activity at ≦50 μM.

TABLE 1 NF-kB inhibitory Compound activity MMF − MMF + DHA − I-1 ++ I-2++ I-3 ++ I-4 ++ I-5 + I-6 ++ I-22 ++ I-39 + I-40 ++ I-41 + I-66 + I-67++ I-72 + I-102 − I-103 + I-104 −

Example 2 Effect of Fatty Acid Fumarate Derivatives on IL-1β and TNF-α

RAW264.7 macrophages were seeded at a density of 100,000 cells/well in a96-well plate in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS and Penn/strep. 16 hourslater, medium was aspirated and replaced with 90 μL/well of serum-freeDMEM. A fatty acid fumarate conjugate, DHA and monomethyl-fumarate (MMF)were brought up in 100% EtOH to a concentration of 100 mM and thendiluted 1:100 in 100% FBS for a stock solution consisting of 1 mMcompound and 1% EtOH. These stock solutions were then diluted 1:10 inFBS supplemented with 1% EtOH to generate a 100.M of a fatty acidfumarate conjugate and 100 μM each of DHA and MMF. 10 μL was then addedto the RAW246.7 cells to generate final concentrations 10M of the fattyacid fumarate conjugate or 10M each DHA and MMF, along with vehicle onlycontrol. The compounds were allowed to pre-incubate for 2 hours beforestimulation of 100 ng/ml LPS (10 μL of 1 μg/ml LPS was added to eachwell). Following 3 hours of LPS stimulation, cells were washed once in1×PBS, aspirated dry, and flash frozen in liquid nitrogen. RNA was thenisolated and converted to cDNA using the Cells to cDNA kit (Ambion)according to the manufacturer's protocol. IL-1β and TNF-α transcriptlevels were then measured using Taqman primer/probe assay sets (AppliedBiosystems), normalized to GAPDH using the deltaCt method, and the dataexpressed relative to vehicle only control. Macrophages treated withcompound I-1 showed greater reduction of IL-1β and TNF-α gene expressionthan cells that were treated with a combination of mono methyl fumarate(MMF) and DHA (FIG. 1). Statistical analysis was conducted using one-wayANOVA, **p<0.05, ***p<0.005.

Example 3 TNFα Release Assay in RAW 264.7 Macrophages

The purpose of this assay is to measure the ability of small moleculesto inhibit the secretion of TNFα in cultured macrophages stimulated withlipopolysaccharide (LPS). Treatment of macrophages with LPS activatesinflammatory cytokine pathways primarily through the TLR4-NFκB signalingaxis. Compounds of the invention inhibit the transcriptional activationof NFκB and thus decrease the production and release of TNFαDexamethasone, a potent agonist of the glucocorticoid receptor is used apositive control for inhibition of TNFα release.

Day 1: Seed RAW 264.7 macrophages into 96 well culture plates. Removeculture media from RAW 264.7 cell growing in a 75 mm² tissue cultureflask (cells should be at ˜70% confluence) and add 10 mL of warmedcomplete growth media (DMEM+10% FBS+1× pen/step). The cells are scrapedinto suspension using a sterile plate scraper and homogenized bypipetting up and down with a 10 mL serological pipette. The cellconcentration is determined using a clinical hematoctyometer. Cells arethen diluted to 150,000 cells per mL into growth media. The dilutedcells are then transferred to a sterile reagent reservoir and 100 μl ofcell suspension is pipetted into each well of a 96 well culture plateusing a multichannel pipette (15,000 cells/well). Plates are thenincubated at 37° C. under normal tissue culture growth conditions (37°C., humidified CO₂ chamber).

Day 2: The test compound sample plate is prepared. Test compounds areprepared in growth media. Compounds are delivered to media from 1000×stocks in 100% DMSO (e.g. for a 10 M final concentration of testcompound, deliver 2 μl of 10 mM test compound to 2 mL of media). Atleast 150 μl of 1× compound in media is added to 96 well sample plate.The perimeter wells of the 96 well plate are not used to avoid edgeeffects. Twelve sample wells are prepared with media plus 0.1% DMSO(these samples will serve as the vehicle controls; LPS-stimulated andnon-stimulated; 10 μM dexamethasone is used as a positive control).Culture plates are then returned to the growth incubator for 2 hours.Cells are stimulated afterwards by adding 25 l of 50 ng/mL LPS is addedto every well (except the 6 unstimulated vehicle control wells: finalconcentration of 10 ng/mL LPS. Plates are returned to growth incubatorfor 3 hours. Afterwards, 100 μl of media supernatant is removed andtransferred to a 96 well v-bottom sample plate. The media supernatantplate is centrifuged for 5 minutes at 1,000 rpm in a swing-bucketcentrifuge, pelleting any cellular debris that may remain insupernatant. 80 μl of supernatant is removed from sample plate andtransferred to a fresh v-bottom 96 well plate. Cell viability ismeasured using Celltiter-glo kit. By measuring cell viability, a givencompound's effects on TNFα secretion can determine whether effects aredue to cytotoxicity or to true inhibition of inflammatory signaling. Add100 μl of Celltiter-glo reagent to each well of the cell culture plateand afterwards measure the luminescence signal (CPS) of the plate usingthe Victor 5 plate reader (0.3 second read; 60 second plate shakingprior to read). Cell viability of a given compound at a givenconcentration is computed as follows:Cell viability=CPS Sample/(Average CPS unstimulated controls)*100

Use 20 μl of media supernatant per well for TNFα ELISA. FollowInvitrogen/Biosource manufacture's protocol for the mouse TNFα ELISA.Chromogen development is typically conducted for 20-30 minutes asdescribed in the manufacturer's protocol. After addition of stopsolution, measure OD 450 nm using the Victor 5 plate reader (0.1second/well scan). Determine the TNFα secretion percent of control. Thefollowing formula is used to determine the TNFα secretion percent ofcontrol:

$\frac{\begin{matrix}{{100 \times \left( {{OD}\; 450\mspace{14mu}{nm}\mspace{14mu}{Sample}\mspace{14mu} X} \right)} -} \\\left( {{Average}\mspace{14mu}{OD}\; 450\mspace{14mu}{nm}\mspace{14mu}{unstimulated}\mspace{14mu}{vehicle}\mspace{14mu}{controls}} \right)\end{matrix}}{\begin{matrix}{\left( {{Average}\mspace{14mu}{OD}\; 450\mspace{14mu}{nm}\mspace{14mu}{LPS}\mspace{14mu}{stimulated}\mspace{14mu}{vehicle}\mspace{14mu}{controls}} \right) -} \\\left( {{Average}\mspace{14mu}{OD}\; 450\mspace{14mu}{nm}\mspace{14mu}{unstimulated}\mspace{14mu}{vehicle}\mspace{14mu}{controls}} \right)\end{matrix}}$

For each test compound, TNFα secretion percent of control can be plottedas a function of compound concentration using a four parameterdose-response curve fit equation (XLFIT Model #205):fit=(A+((B−A)/(1+((C/x)^D))))inv=(C/((((B−A)/(y−A))−1)^(1/D)))res=(y-fit)

Example 4 In Vivo Effects of Compounds of the Invention in anLPS-Challenge TNFα Mouse Model

To measure the effects of compounds on TNFα secretion in vivo, MaleSwiss Webster mice (n=10 animals per group) are dosed by either oralgavage or by ip injection with each test compound (dosing volume is 15mL/kg). All compounds are formulated in the appropriate vehicles(Examples of vehicles that can be used include combinations of solventssuch as polyethylene glycol and propyleneglycol, lipids such as glycerolmonooleate and soybean oil, and surfactants such as polysorbate 80 andcremophor EL). Ninety minutes after compound dosing, animals are treatedwith 0.2 mg/kg LPS (lipopolysaccharide) by intraperitoneal (IP)injection. Ninety minutes after LPS challenge, mice are anesthetized andbled by cardiac puncture into serum separator tubes (with sodiumheparin). Bleeds are allowed to clot at room temperature for 2 hours,and tubes are then spun for 20 minutes at 2,000×g. Serum is harvestedfrom tubes (100-150 μl per animal) and frozen at −70° C. TNFα serumlevels are measured using commercially available TNFα ELISA kits(*p<0.05 using a 2-tailed t-test). As a representative example, compoundI-1 was dosed by at 300 mg/kg (i.p., formulated at 300 mg/g of compoundin 42% Tween, 16% Cremophor, 31% glycerol monoleate, 10% propyleneglycol and diluted with 6 mL of water). Dexamethasone (dosed at 0.5mg/kg po, similarly formulated) was used as the positive control in theexperiment. The data is summarized in FIG. 2. Statistical analysis wasconducted using one-way ANOVA, *p<0.05.

Example 5 Effect of Fatty Acid Fumarate Derivatives on the Target GeneHmox1 in RAW Macrophages

RAW264.7 macrophages are seeded at a density of 100,000 cells/well in a96-well plate in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS and Penn/strep. 16 hourslater, medium is aspirated and replaced with 90 μL/well of serum-freeDMEM. A fatty acid fumarate conjugate, DHA and EPA are brought up in100% EtOH to a concentration of 100 mM and then diluted 1:100 in 100%FBS for a 20× stock solution consisting of 1 mM compound and 1% EtOH.The fatty acid fumarate conjugate 20× stock solutions are diluted 1:2 inFBS supplemented with 1% EtOH for a 500 uM 10× stock solution, whereasequal volumes of the DHA and EPA 20× stock solutions are mixed to createa 10× stock solution containing 500 μM each of DHA and EPA. The 10×stock solutions are then serially diluted 1:2 in FBS supplemented with1% EtOH and 10 μL of each dilution is added to the RAW246.7 cells togenerate final concentrations of 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25, 3.12 and 1.6 μM.The compounds are allowed to pre-incubate for 2 hours before stimulationof 100 ng/ml LPS (10 μL of 1 μg/ml LPS is added to each well). Following3 hours of LPS stimulation, cells are washed once in 1×PBS, aspirateddry, and flash frozen in liquid nitrogen. RNA is then isolated andconverted to cDNA using the Cells to cDNA kit (Ambion) according to themanufacturer's protocol. Transcript levels are then measured using ABITaqman primer/probe assay kits, normalized to GAPDH using the deltaCtmethod, and the data expressed relative to vehicle only control. FIG. 3shown below summarizes the positive effect of compound I-1 on the targetgene Hmox1. FIG. 4 summarizes the positive effect of the lipoic acidfumarate derivative I-105 on the target gene Hmox1 and IL-1β (protocolsfor obtaining IL-1β gene expression were detailed in example 1).

Example 6 Effect of Fatty Acid Fumarate Conjugates in theStreptozotocin-Diabetic Rat

Female Sprague-Dawley rats (8 weeks old, with an average weight of 150g) are used for the study. Diabetes is induced by a single tail veininjection of streptozotocin (STZ) in 0.1 mol/L sodium citrate buffer, pH4.5. Diabetes is then confirmed by measuring blood glucose levels at twoand three days after the STZ treatment. Diabetic animals are classifiedas those with plasma glucose higher than 16 nmol/L. The diabetic animalsare then divided into the vehicle control group and the treatment group(each group having 12 animals). All animals are housed individually witha light dark cycle of 12 hours each, with animals having free access tofood and water. In order to maintain body weight and to limithyperglycemia, diabetic animals are treated with 3 IU of ultralenteinsulin three times per week in the afternoon (at approximately 3 to 4pm). In order to maintain glycemic control as the animals gain weight,the dose of insulin is increased to 5 IU at week 15. Animals are dosedwith the vehicle or the fatty acid fumarate conjugate over a 28 weekperiod (Examples of vehicles that can be used include combinations ofsolvents such as polyethylene glycol and propyleneglycol, lipids such asglycerol monooleate and soybean oil, and surfactants such as polysorbate80 and cremophor EL). Progression of renal disease can be assessed bymonthly measurements of urinary albumin and plasma creatinineconcentrations. For urinary measurements, rats are housed in metabolicrat cages for 24 hrs. Urinary albumin can be quantified by a competitiveELISA assay according to the protocols outlined in Degenhardt et al,Kidney International 2002, 61, p. 939-950. Plasma creatinineconcentrations can be measured by the Jaffé picric acid procedure, usingthe standard kit from Sigma (Sigma cat #555-A). Statistical analyses canbe performed using SigmaStat for Windows V1.00. P values can becalculated by non-parametric Mann-Whitney Rank Sum analysis. On week 28,dyslipidemia can also be assessed by measuring plasma triglycerides andtotal cholesterol. These plasma lipids can be measured by enzymatic,colorimetric, end-point assays using standardized, commerciallyavailable kits. Total cholesterol can be analyzed using the Sigma kit(cat #352) and triglycerides can be analyzed by the Sigma kit (cat #37,GOP Grinder).

Example 7 Effect of Fatty Acid Fumarate Conjugates in theCisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity Mouse Model

For this study, 10 to 12-week old male C57BL/6 mice of approximately 30g in body weight are used. After the normal acclimation period, theanimals are maintained on a standard diet and water is freely available.Mice are then given a single intraperitoneal injection of either thevehicle or cisplatin (20 mg/kg, at a concentration of 1 mg/mL insaline). Ten animals are used per treatment group. For the drugtreatment group, beginning 24 hours prior to the cisplatin injection,animals are dosed with a fatty acid fumarate conjugate (formulated incombinations of solvents such as polyethylene glycol andpropyleneglycol, lipids such as glycerol monooleate and soybean oil, andsurfactants such as polysorbate 80 and cremophor EL). Dosing is thencontinued over a period of 72 hours. At this point, animals aresacrificed and blood and kidney tissues are collected. Blood ureanitrogen (BUN) and creatinine are measured. Levels of TNF-α in serum canbe determined using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbentassay (ELISA). Tissues are processed for histology and RNA isolation.Tubular injury can be assessed in PAS-stained sections using asemi-quantitative scale described in “G. Ramesh and W. B. Reeves, KidneyInternational, 2004, 65, p. 490-498”.

Example 8 Chronic Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) MouseModel for Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

C57BL/6 female mice that are 8-12 weeks old with body weight in therange of 20-30 g are used for the EAE model. For the induction of EAE,mice receive s.c. injection in the flanks and tail base with 50 μg ofMOG35-55 immunopeptide (commercially available from Hooke laboratories,Lawrence, Mass.) in PBS emulsified in an equal volume of completeFreund's adjuvant (CFA) containing Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37RA at afinal concentration of 0.5 0.5 mg/mL. Two injections of pertussis toxin(200 ng per mouse i.p.) are given on days 0 and 2. The medication isadministered in the indicated vehicle by oral gavage starting from day 3post immunization until the termination of the study. Each treatmentgroup consists of 8 animals; vehicle alone as a negative control or theFatty Acid Fumarate Derivative. Animals are weighed and scored forclinical signs of disease on a daily basis over the course of the study(28 days). Disease severity can be assessed using a scale ranging from 0to 10; with scores as follows: 0=normal; 1=reduced tone of tail; 2=limptail, impaired righting; 3=absent righting; 4=gait ataxia; 5=mildparaparesis or paraplegia; 8=tetraparesis; 9=moribund; 10=death. Miceare usually sacrificed with scores 7 or higher.

The following non-limiting compound examples serve to illustrate furtherembodiments of the Fatty Acid Fumarate Derivatives. It is to beunderstood that any embodiments listed in the Examples section areembodiments of the Fatty Acid Fumarate Derivatives and, as such, aresuitable for use in the methods and compositions described above.

Example 9 Preparation of (E)-methyl4-(2-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamidoethylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate(Compound I-1)

Mono methyl fumarate (1.7 g, 13.1 mmol) was taken up in 20 mL of CH₂Cl₂along with oxalyl chloride (1.1 mL, 13.1 mmol). After a few drops of DMFwere added, the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature untilall the solids had dissolved and all gas evolution had ceased (1 h).This freshly prepared solution of the acid chloride was added dropwiseat 0° C. to a solution containing tert-butyl 2-aminoethylcarbamate (2.1g, 13.1 mmol) and Et₃N (2.8 mL, 19.6 mmol) in 200 mL of CH₂Cl₂. Theresulting reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirredfor 2 h. It was then washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentratedunder reduced pressure. Purification by chromatography (CH₂Cl₂) afforded2.2 g of (E)-methyl4-(2-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)ethylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate (62% yield).(E)-Methyl 4-(2-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)ethylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate (2.2g, 8.1 mmol) was taken up in 10 mL of 4 M HCl in dioxane. The resultingreaction mixture was allowed to stand at room temperature for 1 h, thendiluted with 50 mL of EtOAc and concentrated under reduced pressure toafford the HCl salt of (E)-methyl4-(2-aminoethylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate.

The HCl salt of (E)-methyl 4-(2-aminoethylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate (8.1mmol) was taken up in 40 mL of CH₃CN along with(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoic acid (DHA, 2.66g, 8.1 mmol), HATU (3.4 g, 12.1 mmol) and DIEA (4.2 mL). The resultingreaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h and dilutedwith EtOAc. The organic layer was washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃,brine, dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure.Purification by chromatography (95% CH₂Cl₂, 5% MeOH) afforded 1.4 g of(E)-methyl4-(2-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamidoethylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate.MS (EI) calcd for C₂₉H₄₂N₂O₄: 482.31. found 483 (M+1).

Example 10 Preparation of(E)-4-(2-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamidoethylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoicacid (Compound I-102)

(E)-Methyl4-(2-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamidoethylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate(200 mg, 0.41 mmol) was taken up in 5 mL of THF along with 2 mL of a 5 NNaOH. The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for1 h, concentrated under reduced pressure to remove the THF, and dilutedwith water (10 mL). The aqueous layer was acidified to pH=2 with 3 N HCland then extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers were washedwith brine, dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure toafford 190 mg of(E)-4-(2-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamidoethylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoicacid (97% yield). MS (EI) calcd for C₂₈H₄₀N₂O₄: 468.30. found 469 (M+1).

Example 11 Preparation of (E)-methyl4-(1-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamido-2-methylpropan-2-ylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate(Compound I-22)

2-Methylpropane-1,2-diamine (1.52 g, 14.5 mmol) was dissolved in 50 mLof CH₂Cl₂ and cooled to 0° C. Benzyl chloroformate (2.0 mL, 14.5 mmol)was then added dropwise at 0° C. over a period of 10 min. The resultingreaction mixture was warmed to room temperature, stirred for 4 h andthen concentrated under reduced pressure to afford benzyl2-amino-2-methylpropylcarbamate as the HCl salt.

Mono methyl fumarate (455 mg, 3.5 mmol) was taken up in 10 mL of CH₃CNalong with the HCl salt of benzyl 2-amino-2-methylpropylcarbamate (3.5mmol), DIEA (0.50 mL) and EDCI (1.2 g). The resulting reaction mixturewas stirred at room temperature for 6 h and diluted with EtOAc. Theorganic layer was washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, brine, dried(Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure. Purification bychromatography (95% CH₂Cl₂, 5% MeOH) afforded 400 mg of3-(2-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-1,1-dimethyl-ethylcarbamoyl)-acrylic acidmethyl ester (34% yield).

3-(2-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-1,1-dimethyl-ethylcarbamoyl)-acrylic acidmethyl ester (400 mg, 1.2 mmol) was taken up in 3 mL of 33% HBr inglacial acetic acid and allowed to stand at room temperature for 1 h.The resulting reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressureto afford the HBr salt of3-(2-amino-1,1-dimethyl-ethylcarbamoyl)-acrylic acid methyl ester. Thismaterial was taken up in 5 mL of CH₃CN along with(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoic acid (DHA, 393mg, 1.2 mmol), HATU (547 mmol, 1.3 mmol) and DIEA (0.63 mL). Theresulting reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h anddiluted with EtOAc. The organic layer was washed with saturated aqueousNaHCO₃, brine, dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure.Purification by chromatography (95% CH₂Cl₂, 5% MeOH) afforded 200 mg of(E)-methyl4-(1-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamido-2-methylpropan-2-ylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate(33% yield). MS (EI) calcd for C₃₁H₄₆N₂O₄: 510.35. found 511 (M+1).

Example 12 Preparation of (E)-methyl4-(2-(2-(2-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamidoethyl)disulfanyl)ethylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate(Compound I-5)

Cystamine dihydrochloride (1.0 g, 4.44 mmol) was dissolved in 50 mL ofMeOH. Triethylamine (1.85 mL, 3 eq) was added at room temperature,followed by dropwise addition of Boc₂O (0.97 g, 4.44 mmol) as a solutionin 5 mL of MeOH The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at roomtemperature for 3 h. It was then concentrated under reduced pressure andthe resulting residue was taken up in 20 mL of 1M NaH₂PO₄. The aqueouslayer was washed with 10 mL of a 1:1 solution of pentane/EtOAc, basifiedto pH 9 with 1M NaOH, and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organiclayers were washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated underreduced pressure to afford 500 mg of tert-butyl2-(2-(2-aminoethyl)disulfanyl)ethylcarbamate (44% yield).

Separately, mono methyl fumarate (263 mg, 2.02 mmol) was taken up in 10mL of CH₂Cl₂ along with oxalyl chloride (170 μL, 2.02 mmol). After a fewdrops of DMF were added, the reaction mixture was stirred at roomtemperature until all the solids had dissolved and all gas evolution hadceased (1 h). This freshly prepared solution of the acid chloride wasadded dropwise at 0° C. to a solution containing tert-butyl2-(2-(2-aminoethyl)disulfanyl)ethylcarbamate (500 mg) and Et₃N (420 μL,3 mmol) in 20 mL of CH₂Cl₂. The resulting reaction mixture was warmed toroom temperature and stirred for 2 h. It was then washed with brine,dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure. Purification bychromatography (CH₂Cl₂) afforded 450 mg of (E)-methyl4-(2-(2-(2-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)ethyl)disulfanyl)ethylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate.This material was taken up in 5 mL of a 25% TFA in CH₂Cl₂ solution andallowed to stand at room temperature for 4 h. The reaction mixture wasthen concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the TFA salt of(E)-methyl4-(2-(2-(2-aminoethyl)disulfanyl)ethylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate. Thismaterial was taken up in 10 mL of CH₃CN along with(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoic acid (DHA, 403mg, 1.23 mmol), HATU (517 mg, 1.35 mmol) and DIEA (0.640 mL). Theresulting reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. Itwas then diluted with EtOAc and washed successively with saturatedaqueous NaHCO₃ and brine. The organic layer was dried (Na₂SO₄) andconcentrated under reduced pressure. Purification by chromatography (95%CH₂Cl₂, 5% MeOH) afforded 200 mg of (E)-methyl4-(2-(2-(2-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamidoethyl)disulfanyl)ethylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate.MS (EI) calcd for C₃₁H₄₆N₂O₄S₂: 574.29. found: 575 (M+1).

Example 13 Preparation of (E)-methyl4-(2-(2-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamidoethoxy)ethylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate(Compound I-3)

Sodium hydroxide (400 mg, 10 mmol) was dissolved in 70 mL of MeOH and2-(2-aminoethoxy)ethanamine dihydrochloride (1.0 g, 5.65 mmol) wasadded. The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at room temperaturefor 30 min. A solution containing Boc₂O (740 mg, 3.40 mmol) in 15 mL ofTHF was then added dropwise, at room temperature, over a period of 15min. The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for18 h, then concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting residuewas taken up in 200 mL of CH₂Cl₂ and stirred vigorously at roomtemperature for 4 h. The mixture was filtered and the filtrate wasconcentrated under reduced pressure to afford 850 mg of tert-butyl2-(2-aminoethoxy)ethylcarbamate (74% yield).

tert-Butyl 2-(2-aminoethoxy)ethylcarbamate (1.0 g, 4.90 mmol) was thentaken up in 20 mL of CH₃CN along with mono methyl fumarate (637 mg, 4.90mmol) and EDCI (1.7 g. 5.39 mmol). The resulting reaction mixture wasstirred at room temperature for 18 h. It was then diluted with EtOAc (20mL), washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, brine, dried (Na₂SO₄) andconcentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting residue was purifiedby chromatography (9:1 CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) to afford 1.0 g of (E)-methyl4-(2-(2-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)ethoxy)ethylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate (64%yield). MS (EI) calcd for C₁₄H₂₄N₂O₆: 316.16. found: 317 (M+1).

(E)-methyl4-(2-(2-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)ethoxy)ethylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate (1.0g, 3.16 mmol) was taken up in 10 mL of 25% TFA in CH₂Cl₂. The reactionmixture was allowed to stand at room temperature for 2 h and thenconcentrated under reduced pressure to afford (E)-methyl4-(2-(2-aminoethoxy)ethylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate as the TFA salt. Thismaterial was then taken up in 10 mL of CH₃CN along with(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoic acid (DHA, 1.0g, 3.16 mmol), HATU (1.30 g, 3.5 mmol) and DIEA (1.6 mL). The resultingreaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h, then dilutedwith EtOAc and washed successively with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ andbrine.

The organic layer was dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reducedpressure. Purification by chromatography (60% EtOAc, 40% pentane)afforded 220 mg of (E)-methyl4-(2-(2-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamidoethoxy)ethylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate(13% yield). MS (EI) calcd for C₃₁H₄₆N₂O₅: 526.34. found: 527 (M+1).

Example 14 Preparation of (E)-methyl4-(4-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoylpiperazin-1-yl)-4-oxobut-2-enoate(Compound I-40)

Mono methyl fumarate (650 mg, 5.0 mmol) was taken up in 10 mL of CH₂Cl₂and oxalyl chloride (420 μL, 5.0 mmol) was added. After a few drops ofDMF was added, the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperatureuntil all gas evolution had ceased (1 h). This freshly prepared solutionof acid chloride was then added dropwise at 0° C. to a solutioncontaining Boc-piperazine (930 mg) and triethylamine (1.0 mL, 7.5 mmol)in 20 mL of CH₂Cl₂. The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at roomtemperature for 1 h and washed with brine. The organic layer was dried(Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure. Purification bychromatography (CH₂Cl₂) afforded 310 mg of (E)-tert-butyl4-(4-methoxy-4-oxobut-2-enoyl)piperazine-1-carboxylate (21% yield).

(E)-tert-Butyl 4-(4-methoxy-4-oxobut-2-enoyl)piperazine-1-carboxylate(310 mg, 1.04 mmol) was taken up in 5 mL of 25% TFA in CH₂Cl₂ andallowed to stand at room temperature for 2 h. The reaction mixture wasconcentrated under reduced pressure to afford the TFA salt of (E)-methyl4-oxo-4-(piperazin-1-yl)but-2-enoate. This material was taken up in 10mL of CH₃CN along with(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoic acid (DHA, 375mg, 1.04 mmol), HATU (435 mg, 1.14 mmol) and DIEA (540 μL). Theresulting reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. Itwas then diluted with EtOAc and washed successively with saturatedaqueous NaHCO₃ and brine. The organic layer was dried (Na₂SO₄) andconcentrated under reduced pressure. Purification by chromatography(CH₂Cl₂) afforded 80 mg of (E)-methyl4-(4-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoylpiperazin-1-yl)-4-oxobut-2-enoate(15% yield). MS (EI) calcd for C₃₁H₄₄N₂O₄: 508.33. found: 509 (M+1).

Example 15 Preparation of2-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamidoethyl methylfumarate (Compound I-103)

(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-Docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoic acid (DHA, 1.2g, 3.66 mmol) was taken up in 20 mL of CH₃CN along with ethanolamine(220 μL, 3.66 mmol), HATU (1.5 g, 4.0 mmol) and DIEA (950 μL, 5.49mmol). The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at room temperaturefor 2 h and then diluted with EtOAc. The organic layer was washed withsaturated aqueous NaHCO₃, brine, dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated underreduced pressure to afford crude(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)—N-(2-hydroxyethyl)docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamide.This material was taken up in 15 mL of CH₂Cl₂ along with (E)-methyl4-chloro-4-oxobut-2-enoate (3.66 mmol) and triethylamine (765 μL, 5.49mmol). The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at room temperaturefor 18 h. It was then diluted with CH₂Cl₂ and washed with brine. Theorganic layer was dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reducedpressure. Purification by chromatography (60% EtOAc, 40% pentane)afforded 380 mg of2-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamidoethyl methylfumarate (21% yield). MS (EI) calcd for C₂₉H₄₁NO₅: 483.3. found: 484(M+1).

Example 16 Preparation of (E)-methyl4-((R)-3-(1-(2-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamidoethyl)-2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-3-ylthio)-1-methoxy-1-oxopropan-2-ylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate(Compound I-39)

The TFA salt of 1-(2-aminoethyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione (Aldrich, 280 mg,1.10 mmol) was taken up in 10 mL of CH₃CN along with(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoic acid (DHA, 360mg, 1.1 mmol), HATU (460 mg, 1.2 mmol) and DIEA (0.58 mL). The resultingreaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 h. It was thendiluted with EtOAc and washed successively with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃and brine. The organic layer was dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated underreduced pressure. Purification by chromatography (CH₂Cl₂) afforded 350mg of(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)—N-(2-(2,5-dioxo-2H-pyrrol-1(5H)-yl)ethyl)docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamide(70% yield).

Separately, mono methyl fumarate (100 mg, 0.77 mmol) was taken up in 4mL of CH₃CN along with L-cysteine methyl ester hydrochloride (132 mg,0.77 mmol), EDCI (245 mg, 0.77 mmol) and N-methylmorpholine (85 μL, 0.77mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 h. Itwas then diluted with EtOAc. The organic layer was washed with saturatedaqueous NaHCO₃ and brine. The organic layer was dried (Na₂SO₄) andconcentrated under reduced pressure to afford crude (R,E)-methyl4-(3-mercapto-1-methoxy-1-oxopropan-2-ylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate. Thismaterial was then taken up in 3 mL of CH₃CN along with(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)—N-(2-(2,5-dioxo-2H-pyrrol-1(5H)-yl)ethyl)docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamide(173 mg, 0.38 mmol) and stirred at room temperature for 30 min. Thereaction mixture was then concentrated under reduced pressure.Purification by chromatography (CH₂Cl₂) afforded 60 mg of (E)-methyl4-((R)-3-(1-(2-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamidoethyl)-2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-3-ylthio)-1-methoxy-1-oxopropan-2-ylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate(22%). MS (EI) calcd for C₃₇H₅₁N₃O₈S: 697.34. found: 698 (M+1).

Example 17 Preparation of (E)-methyl4-(2-((2-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamidoethyl)(methyl)amino)ethylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate(Compound I-4)

N1-(2-Aminoethyl)-N1-methylethane-1,2-diamine (5.0 g, 42.7 mmol) wasdissolved in 100 mL of CH₂Cl₂ and cooled to 0° C. A solution ofdi-tert-butylcarbonate (0.93 g, 4.27 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) was thenadded dropwise at 0° C. over a period of 15 min. The resulting reactionmixture was stirred at 0° C. for 30 min and then warmed to roomtemperature. After stirring at room temperature for 2 h, the reactionmixture was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (100 mL). The organic layer was washedwith brine (3×25 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reducedpressure to afford 1.1 g of tert-butyl2-((2-aminoethyl)(methyl)amino)ethylcarbamate.

tert-Butyl 2-((2-aminoethyl)(methyl)amino)ethylcarbamate (500 mg, 2.3mmol) was taken up in 10 mL of CH₃CN along with salicylic acid (310 mg,2.3 mmol) and EDCI (485 mg, 2.53 mmol). The resulting reaction mixturewas stirred at room temperature for 18 h and then diluted with EtOAc.The organic layer was washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, brine, dried(Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting residuewas purified by chromatography (95% CH₂Cl₂, 5% MeOH) to afford 380 mg oftert-butyl 2-((2-(2-hydroxybenzamido)ethyl)(methyl)amino)ethylcarbamate(49% yield). MS (EI) calcd for C₁₇H₂₇N₃O₄: 337.2. found: 338 (M+1).

tert-Butyl 2-((2-(2-hydroxybenzamido)ethyl)(methyl)amino)ethylcarbamate(380 mg, 1.13 mmol) was taken up in 5 mL of a 25% TFA in CH₂Cl₂ andallowed to stand at room temperature for 3 h. The reaction mixture wasconcentrated under reduced pressure to afford the TFA salt ofN-(2-((2-aminoethyl)(methyl)amino)ethyl)-2-hydroxybenzamide. Thismaterial was taken up in 10 mL of CH₃CN along with(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoic acid (DHA, 370mg, 1.13 mmol), HATU (472 mg, 1.24 mmol) and DIEA (0.59 mL). Theresulting reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. Itwas then diluted with EtOAc and washed successively with saturatedaqueous NaHCO₃ and brine. The organic layer was dried (Na₂SO₄) andconcentrated under reduced pressure. Purification by chromatography (95%CH₂Cl₂, 5% MeOH) afforded 420 mg ofN-(2-((2-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamidoethyl)(methyl)amino)ethyl)-2-hydroxybenzamide.MS (EI) calcd for C₃₄H₄₉N₃O₃: 547.38. found: 548 (M+1).

Example 18 Preparation of (E)-methyl4-(2-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-eicosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenamidoethylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate(Compound I-2)

The HCl salt of (E)-methyl 4-(2-aminoethylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate(0.735 mmol) was taken up in 40 mL of CH₃CN along with(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-eicosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenoic acid (EPA, 222 mg,0.735 mmol), HATU (307 mg, 0.81 mmol) and DIEA (380 μL). The resultingreaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h and dilutedwith EtOAc. The organic layer was washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃,brine, dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure.Purification by chromatography (95% CH₂Cl₂, 5% MeOH) afforded 300 mg of(E)-methyl4-(2-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-eicosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenamidoethylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate(89% yield). MS (EI) calcd for C₂₇H₄₀N₂O₄: 456.3. found: 457 (M+1).

Example 19 Preparation of (E)-ethyl4-(2-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamidoethylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate(Compound I-66)

Mono ethyl fumarate (commercially available) was subjected to the samereaction conditions outlined earlier in the preparation of (E)-methyl4-(2-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamidoethylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate.The desired product, namely (E)-ethyl4-(2-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamidoethylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate,was obtained after purification by silica gel chromatography. MS (EI)calcd for C₃₀H₄₀N₂O₄: 496.33. found 497 (M+1).

Example 20 Preparation of (E)-methyl4-(methyl(2-((4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)—N-methyldocosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamido)ethyl)amino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate(Compound I-104)

tert-Butyl methyl(2-(methylamino)ethyl)carbamate was prepared asfollows: N¹,N²-dimethylethane-1,2-diamine (40 mmol) was dissolved in 100mL of CH₂Cl₂ and cooled to 0° C. A solution of di-tert-butylcarbonate(4.0 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) was then added dropwise at 0° C. over aperiod of 15 min. The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C.for 30 min and then warmed to room temperature. After stirring at roomtemperature for 2 h, the reaction mixture was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (100mL). The organic layer was washed with brine (3×25 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄)and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford tert-butylmethyl(2-(methylamino)ethyl)carbamate. This amine was subjected to thesame reaction conditions outlined earlier in the preparation of(E)-methyl4-(2-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamidoethylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate.The desired product, namely (E)-methyl4-(methyl(2-((4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)—N-methyldocosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamido)ethyl)amino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate,was obtained after purification by silica gel chromatography. MS (EI)calcd for C₃₁H₄₆N₂O₄: 510.35. found 511 (M+1).

Example 21 Preparation of (E)-methyl4-((2R,6S)-4-((4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoyl)-2,6-dimethylpiperazin-1-yl)-4-oxobut-2-enoate(Compound I-41)

(2R,6S)-2,6-Dimethylpiperazine (173 mg, 1.52 mmol) was taken up in 8 mLof CH₃CN along with DHA (500 mg, 1.52 mmol) and EDC (320 mg). Theresulting reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h andconcentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting residue was taken upin EtOAc, washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated underreduced pressure to afford(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-1-((3R,5S)-3,5-dimethylpiperazin-1-yl)docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaen-1-one.This material was taken up in mL of CH₃CN along with mono methylfumarate (198 mg, 1.52 mmol) and HATU (635 mg, 1.67 mmol). The resultingreaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h and dilutedwith EtOAc. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄) andconcentrated under reduced pressure. Purification by silica gelchromatography (gradient elution, pentane to 80% EtOAc, 20% pentane)afforded 180 mg of (E)-methyl4-((2R,6S)-4-((4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoyl)-2,6-dimethylpiperazin-1-yl)-4-oxobut-2-enoate.MS (EI) calcd for C₃₃H₄₈N₂O₄: 536.36. found 537 (M+1).

Example 22 Preparation of (R,E)-methyl4-(2-(5-(1,2-dithiolan-3-yl)pentanamido)ethylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate(Compound I-105)

The HCl salt of (E)-methyl 4-(2-aminoethylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate(0.515 mmol) was taken up in 10 mL of CH₃CN along with R-lipoic acid(TCI, 106 mg, 0.515 mmol), HATU (215 mg, 0.567 mmol) and DIEA (270 μL,1.55 mmol). The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at roomtemperature for 18 h and diluted with EtOAc. The organic layer waswashed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reducedpressure. Purification by silica gel chromatography (95% CH₂Cl₂, 5%MeOH) afforded 120 mg of (R,E)-methyl4-(2-(5-(1,2-dithiolan-3-yl)pentanamido)ethylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate.MS (EI) calcd for C₁₅H₂₄N₂O₄S: 360.12. found 361 (M+1).

Example 23 Preparation of(S)-2-((5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenamido)-6-((E)-4-methoxy-4-oxobut-2-enamido)hexanoicacid (I-72)

In a typical run, Cbz-Lys(OtBu) NH₂ hydrochloride (10 g, 26.8 mmol) wastaken up in CH₂Cl₂ (100 mL) and treated with N-methylmorpholine (6.18mL, 56.3 mmol). This solution was added slowly to a solution of4-nitrophenyl chloroformate (5.66 g, 28.2 mmol) in 100 mL of CH₂Cl₂ at0° C. The reaction was then allowed to warm to RT and stirred at RTovernight. After washing with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ (3×100 mL),brine, the solution was dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reducedpressure. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (10%EtOAc/90% pentane) to provide the intermediate 4-nitrophenyl derivative(11 g; 81%). This intermediate 4-nitrophenyl derivative (10 g, 20 mmol)was taken up in 150 mL of anhydrous THF along with2-(trimethylsilyl)ethanol (4.3 mL, 30 mmol) and cooled to 0° C. t-BuOK(2.9 g, 26 mmol) was then added under a blanket of argon. The mixturewas stirred at room temperature overnight and then partitioned betweenEtOAc (300 mL) and brine (300 mL). The organic layer was washed withbrine, dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure. Theresulting residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (gradientelution using a mixture of EtOAc/pentane) to afford (S)-tert-butyl6-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-2-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)carbonyl)hexanoate (4g; 37%).

(S)-tert-Butyl6-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-2-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)carbonyl)hexanoate (4g, 8.33 mmol) was taken up in 40 mL of MeOH along Pd/C (10%, 400 mg).The resulting reaction mixture was thoroughly purged with nitrogen andthen stirred under 1 atm of H₂ at room temperature overnight. Thereaction mixture was filtered through a pad of Celite and the filtratewas concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting residue waspurified by silica gel chromatography (95% CH₂Cl₂, 5% MeOH) to afford(S)-tert-butyl 6-amino-2-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)carbonyl)hexanoate(2 g; 69%).

To a stirring mixture of (S)-tert-butyl6-amino-2-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)carbonyl)hexanoate (800 mg, 2.31mmol), monomethyl fumarate (361 mg, 2.77 mmol), DIEA (1.1 mL, 6.93 mmol)in 10 mL acetonitrile was added HATU (1.14 g, 3.00 mmol) in one portionat 0° C. under an inert atmosphere of argon. The resulting reactionmixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h and then concentratedunder reduced pressure. The resulting residue was diluted with EtOAc (50mL) and washed with brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, and concentrated underreduced pressure. Purification by silica gel chromatography(EtOAc/pentane) afforded (S,E)-tert-butyl6-(4-methoxy-4-oxobut-2-enamido)-2-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)carbonyl)hexanoate(900 mg, 85%).

This silylated material (900 mg, 1.97 mmol) was taken up in 15 mL of a1M solution of tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride in THF and stirred at roomtemperature under an inert atmosphere of argon for 18 h. The reactionmixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford(S,E)-tert-butyl 2-amino-6-(4-methoxy-4-oxobut-2-enamido)hexanoate. Thismaterial was used for the next step without further purification.

The crude (S,E)-tert-butyl2-amino-6-(4-methoxy-4-oxobut-2-enamido)hexanoate prepared above wastaken up in 40 mL acetonitrile along with EPA (654 mg, 2.17 mmol), DIEA(1.6 mL, 9.85 mmol), HATU (973 mg, 2.56 mmol). The resulting reactionmixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h and then concentratedunder reduced pressure. The resulting residue was taken up in 50 mL ofEtOAc and washed with water, brine. The organic layer was dried overNa₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure. Purification by silicagel chromatography (EtOAc/pentane) afforded (S)-tert-butyl2-((5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenamido)-6-((E)-4-methoxy-4-oxobut-2-enamido)hexanoate(200 mg, 17% for the 2 steps).

(S)-tert-Butyl2-((5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenamido)-6-((E)-4-methoxy-4-oxobut-2-enamido)hexanoate(200 mg, 0.334 mmol) was taken up in 3 mL of a 4 N HCl solution indioxane and stirred at room temperature under an inert atmosphere ofargon for 2 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reducedpressure and the resulting residue was portioned between 30 mL of EtOAcand 30 mL of water. The organic layer was further washed with brineuntil the pH of the water layer was close to neutral, dried over Na₂SO₄and concentrated under reduced pressure. Purification by preparativeHPLC using a mixture of aqueous acetonitrile that has been buffered with0.1% TFA afforded(S)-2-((5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenamido)-6-((E)-4-methoxy-4-oxobut-2-enamido)hexanoicacid. (90 mg; 50%). MS (EI) calcd for C₃₁H₄₆N₂O₆: 542.34. found 543(M+1).

Example 24 Preparation of(S)-6-((4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamido)-2-((E)-4-methoxy-4-oxobut-2-enamido)hexanoicacid (I-7)

In a typical run, (S)-tert-butyl6-amino-2-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)carbonyl)hexanoate, (2 g, 5.78mmol) was taken up in 30 mL of acetonitrile along with HATU (3.29 g,8.67 mmol), DHA (2.28 g, 6.94 mmol) and DIEA (2.9 mL, 17.4 mmol). Theresulting reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature under aninert atmosphere of argon for 2 h and then concentrated under reducedpressure. The resulting residue was taken up in 100 mL of EtOAc andwashed with brine. The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄ andconcentrated under reduced pressure. Purification by silica gelchromatography (EtOAc/pentane) afforded (S)-tert-butyl6-((4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamido)-2-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)carbonyl)hexanoate(2.8 g; 80%).

(S)-tert-Butyl6-((4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamido)-2-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)carbonyl)hexanoate(2.8 g, 4.26 mmol) was taken up in 50 mL of a 1M solution oftetra-n-butylammonium fluoride in THF and was stirred at roomtemperature under an inert atmosphere of argon for 18 h. The reactionmixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the resulting crudeproduct was used for the next step without further purification.

The crude (S)-tert-butyl2-amino-6-((4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamido)hexanoate,prepared above, was taken up in 40 mL acetonitrile along with monomethylfumarate (610 mg, 4.69 mmol), DIEA (3.0 mL, 18.8 mmol) and HATU (2.4 g,6.39 mmol). The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at roomtemperature for 2 h and then concentrated under reduced pressure. Theresulting residue was taken up in 100 mL of EtOAc and washed with waterand brine. The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentratedunder reduced pressure. Purification by silica gel chromatography(EtOAc/pentane) afforded (S)-tert-butyl6-((4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamido)-2-((E)-4-methoxy-4-oxobut-2-enamido)hexanoate(500 mg, 30%).

(S)-tert-butyl6-((4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamido)-2-((E)-4-methoxy-4-oxobut-2-enamido)hexanoate(500 mg) was taken up in 6 mL of a 4 N HCl solution in dioxane andstirred at room temperature under an inert atmosphere of argon for 2 h.The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and theresulting residue was partitioned between 30 mL of EtOAc and 30 mL ofwater. The organic layer was further washed with brine until the pH ofthe water layer was close to neutral, dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentratedunder reduced pressure. Purification by preparative HPLC using a mixtureof aqueous acetonitrile that has been buffered with 0.1% TFA afforded(S)-6-((4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamido)-2-((E)-4-methoxy-4-oxobut-2-enamido)hexanoicacid (160 mg; 35%). MS (EI) calcd for C₃₃H₄₈N₂O₆: 568.35. found 569(M+1).

Example 25 Preparation of (E)-methyl4-(2-(2-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamidoethylamino)ethylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate(I-24)

(2-Amino-ethyl)-(2-benzyloxycarbonylamino-ethyl)-carbamic acidtert-butyl ester was prepared from benzyl 2-aminoethylcarbamate usingthe same reaction sequence outlined by Andruszkiewicz et al in SyntheticCommunications 2008, 38, p. 905-913 (reaction with acrylonitrile,followed by protection of the secondary amine with the BOC group, andconversion of the nitrile group to an amino group with one lessmethylene unit using the Hoffmann rearrangement).(2-Amino-ethyl)-(2-benzyloxycarbonylamino-ethyl)-carbamic acidtert-butyl ester (500 mg, 1.48 mmol) was taken up in 15 mL of CH₂Cl₂along with 4-methylmorpholine (449 mg, 4.44 mmol) and cooled to 0° C.4-Nitrophenyl chloroformate (328 mg, 1.63 mmol) was then added at 0° C.The resulting reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature andstirred for 16 h. It was then diluted with water. The organic layer wasseparated, dried (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated under reduced pressure.Purification by chromatography (95% CH₂Cl₂, 5% MeOH) afforded theintermediate nitrophenyl carbamate (480 mg; 64%).

Potassium tert-butoxide (113 mg, 1.01 mmol) was added a mixturecontaining the intermediate nitrophenyl carbamate (480 mg, 0.96 mmol)and 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethanol (136 mg, 1.15 mmol) in THF (10 mL) at 0°C. The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 18 h and thenconcentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting residue waspartitioned between EtOAc and water. The organic layer was dried overNa₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure. Purification by silicagel chromatography (3:1 pentane/EtOAc) afforded the fully protectedtriamine derivative (190 mg; 41%). This fully protected triamine (190mg, 0.40 mmol) was taken up in MeOH (5 mL) along 5% Pd/C (50 mg), andthe resulting mixture was stirred under 1 atm of hydrogen at roomtemperature for 16 h. The reaction mixture was filtered through a pad ofCelite and the clear filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure.Purification by silica gel chromatography (9:1 CH₂Cl₂/MeOH) afforded(2-amino-ethyl)-[2-(2-trimethylsilanyl-ethoxycarbonylamino)-ethyl]-carbamicacid tert-butyl ester (80 mg; 58%).

(2-Amino-ethyl)-[2-(2-trimethylsilanyl-ethoxycarbonylamino)-ethyl]-carbamicacid tert-butyl ester (80 mg, 0.23 mmol) was taken up in 5 mL ofacetonitrile along with mono methyl fumarate (30 mg, 0.23 mmol), DIEA(90 mg, 0.69 mmol) and HATU (105 mg, 0.28 mmol). The resulting reactionmixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h and then concentratedunder reduced pressure. The resulting residue was taken up EtOAc andwashed with brine. The organic layer was dried over Mg₂SO₄ and thenconcentrated under reduced pressure. Purification by silica gelchromatography (3:1 pentane/EtOAc) afforded the desired amide derivativeas an oil (80 mg; 75%). This material was taken up in 3 mL of a 4 N HClsolution in dioxane and stirred at room temperature under an inertatmosphere of argon for 1 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated underreduced pressure and the resulting residue was partitioned between 30 mLof EtOAc and 30 mL of water. The organic layer was further washed withbrine until the pH of the water layer was close to neutral, dried overNa₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure. Purification bypreparative HPLC using a mixture of aqueous acetonitrile that has beenbuffered with 0.1% TFA afforded (E)-methyl4-(2-(2-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamidoethylamino)ethylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate.MS (EI) calcd for C₃₁H₄₇N₃O₄: 525.36. found 526 (M+1).

EQUIVALENTS

Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain, usingno more than routine experimentation, numerous equivalents to thespecific embodiments described specifically herein. Such equivalents areintended to be encompassed in the scope of the following claims.

The invention claimed is:
 1. A compound of Formula I:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, enantiomer, orstereoisomer thereof; wherein each W₁ and W₂ is independently null, O,S, NH, or NR, or W₁ and W₂ can be taken together to form an optionallysubstituted imidazolidine or piperazine group; each a, b, c, and d, isindependently —H, -D, —CH₃, —OCH₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —C(O)OR, —O—Z, or benzyl,or two of a, b, c, and d can be taken together, along with the singlecarbon to which they are bound, to form a cycloalkyl or heterocycle;each n, o, p, and q is independently 0, 1, or 2; each L is independentlynull, —O—, —C(O)—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —S—S—, —(C₁-C₆ alkyl)-, —(C₃-C₆cycloalkyl)-, a heterocycle, a heteroaryl,

wherein the representation of L is not limited directionally left toright as is depicted, rather either the left side or the right side of Lcan be bound to the W₁ side of the compound of Formula I; each R₆ isindependently —H, -D, —C₁-C₄ alkyl, -halogen, cyano, oxo, thiooxo, —OH,—C(O)C₁-C₄ alkyl, —O-aryl, —O-benzyl, —OC(O)C₁-C₄ alkyl, —C₂-C₃ alkene,—C₂-C₃ alkyne, —NH₂, —NH(C₁-C₃ alkyl), —N(C₁-C₃ alkyl)₂, —NH(C(O)C₁-C₃alkyl), —N(C(O)C₁-C₃ alkyl)₂, —SH, —S(C₁-C₃ alkyl), —S(O)C₁-C₃ alkyl, or—S(O)₂C₁-C₃ alkyl; each g is independently 2, 3, or 4; each h isindependently 1, 2, 3, or 4; each m is independently 0, 1, 2, or 3; if mis more than 1, then L can be the same or different; each m1 isindependently 0, 1, 2, or 3; k is 0, 1, 2, or 3; z is 1, 2, or 3; eachR₄ is independently H or optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, wherein amethylene unit of the C₁-C₆ alkyl can be optionally substituted foreither O or NR, and in NR₄R₄, both R₄ when taken together with thenitrogen to which they are attached can form a heterocyclic ring such asa pyrrolidine, piperidine, morpholine, piperazine or pyrrole; each Z isindependently H,

provided that there is at least one

in the compound; each t is independently 0 or 1; each r is independently2, 3, or 7; each s is independently 3, 5, or 6; each v is independently1, 2, or 6; each R₁ and R₂ is independently —H, -D, —C₁-C₄ alkyl,-halogen, —OH, —C(O)C₁-C₄ alkyl, —O-aryl, —O-benzyl, —OC(O)C₁-C₄ alkyl,—C₂-C₃ alkene, —C₂-C₃ alkyne, —NH₂, —NH(C₁-C₃ alkyl), —N(C₁-C₃ alkyl)₂,—NH(C(O)C₁-C₃ alkyl), —N(C(O)C₁-C₃ alkyl)₂, —SH, —S(C₁-C₃ alkyl),—S(O)C₁-C₃ alkyl, or —S(O)₂C₁-C₃ alkyl; each R₃ is independently H, or—C₁-C₆ alkyl; each R₅ is independently e, H, or straight or branchedC₁-C₁₀ alkyl which can be optionally substituted with OH, NH₂, CO₂R,CONH₂, phenyl, C₆H₄OH, imidazole or arginine; each e is independently Hor any one of the side chains of the naturally occurring amino acids;each R is independently —H, —C₁-C₃ alkyl, or straight or branched C₁-C₄alkyl optionally substituted with OH, or halogen; provided that wheneach of m, n, o, p, and q is 0, W₁ and W₂ are each null, and Z is

then t must be 0; and when each of m, n, o, p, and q is 0, and W₁ and W₂are each null, then Z must not be


2. The compound of claim 1, wherein W₁ and W₂ are each NH.
 3. Thecompound of claim 2, wherein Z is

and t=1, r=2, s=6 or t=1, r=3, and s=5.
 4. The compound of claim 2selected from the group consisting of: (E)-methyl4-(2-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenamidoethylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate(I-2);(S)-6-((5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenamido)-2-((E)-4-methoxy-4-oxobut-2-enamido)hexanoicacid (I-71); (S)-1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yl6-((4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamido)-2-((E)-4-methoxy-4-oxobut-2-enamido)hexanoate(I-8); (S)-1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yl6-((5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenamido)-2-((E)-4-methoxy-4-oxobut-2-enamido)hexanoate(I-96);(S)-2-((5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenamido)-6-((E)-4-methoxy-4-oxobut-2-enamido)hexanoicacid (I-72); (S)-1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yl2-((4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamido)-6-((E)-4-methoxy-4-oxobut-2-enamido)hexanoate(I-11); (S)-1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yl2-((5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenamido)-6-((E)-4-methoxy-4-oxobut-2-enamido)hexanoate(I-97); (E)-methyl4-(2-(2-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenamidoethylamino)ethylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate(I-73);(S)-5-((4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamido)-2-((E)-4-methoxy-4-oxobut-2-enamido)pentanoicacid (I-80);(S)-2-((4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamido)-5-((E)-4-methoxy-4-oxobut-2-enamido)pentanoicacid (I-81); (S)-1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yl5-((4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamido)-2-((E)-4-methoxy-4-oxobut-2-enamido)pentanoate(I-82); (S)-1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yl2-((4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamido)-5-((E)-4-methoxy-4-oxobut-2-enamido)pentanoate(I-83);(S)-5-((5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenamido)-2-((E)-4-methoxy-4-oxobut-2-enamido)pentanoicacid (I-84);(S)-2-((5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenamido)-5-((E)-4-methoxy-4-oxobut-2-enamido)pentanoicacid (I-85); (S)-1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yl5-((5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenamido)-2-((E)-4-methoxy-4-oxobut-2-enamido)pentanoate(I-86); (S)-1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yl2-((5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenamido)-5-((E)-4-methoxy-4-oxobut-2-enamido)pentanoate(I-87); (E)-ethyl4-(2-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenamidoethylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate(1-75);(S)-2-((E)-4-ethoxy-4-oxobut-2-enamido)-6-((5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenamido)hexanoicacid (I-76); (S)-1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yl6-((4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamido)-2-((E)-4-ethoxy-4-oxobut-2-enamido)hexanoate(I-98); (S)-1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yl2-((E)-4-ethoxy-4-oxobut-2-enamido)-6-((5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenamido)hexanoate(I-99);(S)-6-((E)-4-ethoxy-4-oxobut-2-enamido)-2-((5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenamido)hexanoicacid (I-77); (S)-1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yl2-((4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamido)-6-((E)-4-ethoxy-4-oxobut-2-enamido)hexanoate(I-100); (S)-1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yl6-((E)-4-ethoxy-4-oxobut-2-enamido)-2-((5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenamido)hexanoate(I-101); (E)-ethyl4-(2-(2-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenamidoethylamino)ethylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate(I-79); (E)-ethyl4-(2-((2-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenamidoethyl)(methyl)amino)ethylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate(I-78);(S)-5-((4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamido)-2-((E)-4-ethoxy-4-oxobut-2-enamido)pentanoicacid (I-88);(S)-2-((4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamido)-5-((E)-4-ethoxy-4-oxobut-2-enamido)pentanoicacid (I-89); (S)-1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yl5-((4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamido)-2-((E)-4-ethoxy-4-oxobut-2-enamido)pentanoate(I-90); (S)-1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yl2-((4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamido)-5-((E)-4-ethoxy-4-oxobut-2-enamido)pentanoate(I-91);(S)-2-((E)-4-ethoxy-4-oxobut-2-enamido)-5-((5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenamido)pentanoicacid (I-92);(S)-5-((E)-4-ethoxy-4-oxobut-2-enamido)-2-((5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenamido)pentanoicacid (I-93); (S)-1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yl2-((E)-4-ethoxy-4-oxobut-2-enamido)-5-((5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenamido)pentanoate(I-94); and (S)-1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yl5-((E)-4-ethoxy-4-oxobut-2-enamido)-2-((5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenamido)pentanoate(I-95).
 5. The compound of claim 2 having the Formula IA:


6. The compound of claim 5 selected from the group consisting of

(E)-methyl4-(2-(2-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamidoethoxy)ethylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate(I-3);

(E)-methyl4-(2-(2-(2-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamidoethyl)disulfanyl)ethylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate(I-5);

(S)-methyl6-((4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamido)-2-((E)-4-methoxy-4-oxobut-2-enamido)hexanoate(I-6);

(S)-6-((4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamido)-2-((E)-4-methoxy-4-oxobut-2-enamido)hexanoicacid (I-7);

(S)-methyl2-((4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamido)-6-((E)-4-methoxy-4-oxobut-2-enamido)hexanoate(I-9);

(S)-2-((4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamido)-6-((E)-4-methoxy-4-oxobut-2-enamido)hexanoicacid (1-10);

(E)-methyl4-((3-((4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamido)propyl)amino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate(I-21);

(E)-methyl4-(1-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamido-2-methylpropan-2-ylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate(I-22);

(E)-methyl4-(2-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamido-2-methylpropylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate(I-23);

(E)-methyl4-(2-(2-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamidoethylamino)ethylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate(I-24);

(E)-ethyl4-(2-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamidoethylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate(I-66);

(E)-ethyl4-(2((2-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamidoethyl)(methyl)amino)ethylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate(I-67);

(E)-ethyl4-(2-(2-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamidoethylamino)ethylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate(I-68);

(S)-6-((4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamido)-2-((E)-4-ethoxy-4-oxobut-2-enamido)hexanoicacid (I-69); and

(S)-2-((4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamido)-6-((E)-4-ethoxy-4-oxobut-2-enamido)hexanoicacid (I-70).
 7. The compound of claim 6 having the structure:

(E)-methyl4-(2-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamidoethylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate(I-1).
 8. The compound of claim 6 having the structure:

(E)-methyl4-(2((2-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamidoethyl)(methyl)amino)ethylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate(I-4).
 9. The compound of claim 2 having the structure:

(E)-methyl4-(2-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenamidoethylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate(I-2).
 10. The compound of claim 2 having the structure:

(E)-methyl4-(2-((2-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenamidoethyl)(methyl)amino)ethylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate(I-74).
 11. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of claim2 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 12. The pharmaceuticalcomposition of claim 11, wherein the compound is of Formula IA


13. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 12, wherein the compound is

(E)-methyl4-(2-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamidoethylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate(I-1).
 14. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 12, wherein thecompound is

(E)-methyl4-(2((2-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamidoethyl)(methyl)amino)ethylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate(I-4).
 15. A method of treating inflammation or an inflammatory disease,comprising administering to a patient in need thereof, an effectiveamount of a compound of claim
 1. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein theinflammatory disease is associated with a metabolic disorder.
 17. Themethod of claim 16, wherein the metabolic disorder is Type II diabetes,insulin resistance cardiovascular disease, arrhythmia, atherosclerosis,coronary artery disease, hypertriglyceridemia, dyslipidemia,retinopathy, neuropathy, macular edema, diabetic nephropathy, IgAnephropathy, chronic kidney disease (CKD), inflammatory diseases of thekidney including uremic complications, glomerulonephritis and nephrosis.18. The method of claim 15, wherein the compound of Formula I is acompound of Formula IA


19. The method of claim 15, wherein the inflammatory disease is cysticfibrosis, asthma, sclerodermatitis, psoriasis or eczema.
 20. The methodof claim 19, wherein the inflammatory disease is psoriasis.
 21. Themethod of claim 20, wherein the compound is

(E)-methyl4-(2-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenamidoethylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate(I-2).
 22. The method of claim 20, wherein the compound is

(E)-methyl4-(2-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamidoethylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate(I-1).
 23. The method of claim 20, wherein the compound is

(E)-methyl4-(2-((2-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamidoethyl)(methyl)amino)ethylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate(I-4).
 24. The method of claim 15, wherein the disease is aninflammatory disease of the central nervous system.
 25. The method ofclaim 24, wherein the inflammatory disease of the central nervous systemis multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease,amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), or Alzheimer's disease.
 26. Themethod of claim 25, wherein the inflammatory disease of the centralnervous system is multiple sclerosis.
 27. The method of claim 26,wherein the compound is

(E)-methyl4-(2-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenamidoethylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate(I-2).
 28. The method of claim 27, wherein the compound is

(E)-methyl4-(2-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamidoethylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate(I-1).
 29. The method of claim 27, wherein the compound is

(E)-methyl4-(2-((2-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamidoethyl)(methyl)amino)ethylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate(I-4).
 30. A method of treating muscular dystrophy, comprisingadministering to a patient in need thereof, an effective amount of acompound of claim
 1. 31. The method of claim 30, wherein the compound is

(E)-methyl4-(2-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenamidoethylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate(I-2).
 32. The method of claim 30, wherein the compound is

(E)-methyl4-(2-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamidoethylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate(I-1).
 33. The method of claim 30, wherein the compound is

(E)-methyl4-(2-((2-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamidoethyl)(methyl)amino)ethylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate(I-4).